By using the survey data of peasant workers in Jilin Province, the paper applies microeconometric methods in the study of the effect of human capital on the employment, income and social insurance participation of peasant workers. The study shows that education, training, working experience and technical titles have a remarkable impact on the employment tendency of peasant workers; education, training, technical titles and working experience all have positive obvious effect on raising income of peasant workers. Especially, those with high education, having more than two years of working experience, having general training or technical titles have more than 20%, 9.30%, 1.49%, 7.60% in terms of income, compared with the corresponding controlled group of peasant workers; education, training and technical titles also have positive effect on the participation of social insurance of peasant workers; the odds of participating in endowment insurance and social insurance programs by peasant workers who have high education, technical titles or general training is two times that of the controlled group of peasant workers.