“三权分置”政策下土地承包权的再确认——基于《民法典物权编》的展开
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D922.32;D923.2

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研究阐释党的十九大精神国家社会科学基金专项立项课题"农地三权分置的实践探索与法律表达"(18VSJ061)


Reconfirmation of land contract right under the policy of “separation of three rights”
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    摘要:

    新修订的《农村土地承包法》对承包地"三权分置"政策入法提供了有效路径,但仍需进一步明确与细化,《民法典物权编》主动承担了补缀修葺之重任,但也存在些许不足。"三权分置"政策中的土地承包权不是土地承包资格权,也不是没有身份属性限制的新型用益物权。从《民法典物权编》的规定看,采取了通过完善已有用益物权即土地承包经营权制度来实现"三权分置"的政策目标。基于"家地一体"的农村生产生活传统和稳定土地承包经营权的现实考量,土地承包经营权宜以户而非成员为权利主体,其并不影响因特殊情形而进行的土地调整需求。遗憾的是,《民法典物权编》并未将非农户经营"荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩等"农村土地而享有的土地承包经营权分离出去,纳入可以登记强化保护的土地经营权范畴。土地经营权是受法律特别保护的债权,允许流转期限5年以上的土地经营权办理权属登记进而赋予其对抗效力,能够满足权利稳定性和公信力要求。土地承包经营权具有抵押权能,其客体是土地经营权,土地承包经营权本身因身份限制仍不能抵押。

    Abstract:

    The newly revised Rural Land Contract Law provides an effective approach to the introduction of the policy of "separation of three rights", but it still needs to be further clarified and refined. The Civil Code should take the responsibility of repairing. The land contract right in the policy of "separation of three rights" is not the qualification right of land contract, nor a new usufructuary right without identity restriction. Taking the legislation of the compilation of real rights of the Civil Code as an opportunity, we can achieve the policy goal of "separation of three rights" by improving the existing system of usufructuary right, that is, the right to contract and manage land. Based on rural producing and living tradition of "integration of family and land" and based on the consideration of stabilizing land contract and management right, the subject of land contract and management right should be limited to peasant households. The land contract and management rights enjoyed by non-peasant households in the operation of "barren mountains, barren ditches, barren hills and barren beaches" should be separated and included in the scope of land management rights that can be registered and strengthened for protection. Land management right is an obligatory right specially protected by law. It is suggested that the ownership of land management right with a circulation period of more than five years can be registered and thus entrusts it with the effectiveness of confrontation, which can meet the requirements of stability of rights and credibility. The land contract and management right has the function of mortgage, the object of which is the land management right. The land contract and management right cannot be mortgaged due to its identity limitation.

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姜红利,宋宗宇.“三权分置”政策下土地承包权的再确认——基于《民法典物权编》的展开[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2020,26(4):196-205. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. fx.2020.04.014

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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-11
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  • 在线发布日期: 2020-08-17
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