清代禁酒与粮食问题
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国家社会科学基金重点项目"明清华北乡村经济研究及民间文书数据库建设"(18AZS002);四川社会科学院基金项目"五粮液从宜宾走向世界的历史研究"(A2020008)


Prohibition & food issues in Qing Dynasty
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    摘要:

    清朝统一中国后,出现了和平稳定的局面及经济社会的繁荣发展,人口数量得以迅速恢复并出现了快速增长,康熙时期中国人口突破1亿大关,至清中后期,人口增长峰值超过4亿人,因而清朝成为古代中国人口规模最大的历史时期。人口大幅度增长导致粮食供应问题越来越突出,为了节约粮食以供给新增人口维持生计的需求,清前期(以康雍乾三朝为主)提出过严厉的禁酒政策并颁布了相关法令。加之清代是中国灾害的多发期,由此导致清前期出现了以"因灾禁酒"为标志的禁酒法令。但禁酒法令的提出也引起了清朝官方内部的极大反响,形成了旗帜鲜明的禁酒政令的支持派与反对派,围绕着是否推行禁酒政策展开激烈争论。虽然作为最高统治者的皇帝多是支持并推行了禁酒政策,但这些禁酒法令在实际执行过程中被各级官吏大打折扣,基本无法落实。究其原因,一方面是受到全国范围内普遍饮酒习俗已基本形成的影响,尤其是酒已成为日常社会生活的必需消耗品且消费量巨大;另一方面则是因酒产业作为地方经济发展重要驱动力的现实影响,因为酒的生产能够提高粮食作物的市场经济价值,同时也能够带动相关产业的发展,为人们提供更多维持生计与增加收入的机会。因此,不少地方官员从实际出发,指出酒的生产和销售不仅是很多人赖以为生的基础,而且带动了地方经济的发展,故不赞成推行如此严厉的禁酒政策。客观分析,酒作为一种不可替代的且是具有成瘾性消费特征的日常消费品,有关酒在人们日常社会生活中重要性的记述在清代极为普遍,酒尤其是在重要仪式场合、纪念活动及节日庆祝等方面都发挥着无可代替的重要作用,酒已经成为无法从人们日常生活中脱离出来的重要消费品。简单以浪费粮食或应对灾荒为由的禁酒政策既不合理,也难以施行。

    Abstract:

    After the Qing Dynasty unified China, there was a peaceful and stable situation and the prosperity and development of the economy and society, and the population was rapidly recovered and increased. During the Kangxi Period, the Chinese population broke through 100 million, and by the peak stage of population growth in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, it exceeded 400 million. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty also became the historical period with the largest population in ancient China. The substantial population growth has led to the increasingly prominent problem of food supply. In order to save food to meet the needs of the new population to maintain their livelihood, the early Qing Dynasty (mainly the three dynasties of Kang Xi, Yong Zheng and Qian Long) proposed a strict alcohol prohibition policy and issued relevant laws. In addition, the Qing Dynasty was a period of frequent disasters in China, which led to the emergence of prohibition laws in the early Qing Dynasty marked by "prohibition of alcohol due to disasters". However, the proposal of the alcohol prohibition decree also caused great repercussions within the Qing government, forming a clear division of supporter and opposition of the alcohol prohibition decree, and launching a fierce debate about whether to implement the alcohol prohibition policy. Although most emperors, as the supreme ruler, supported and carried out the policy of prohibition against alcohol, these prohibition laws were greatly discounted by officials at all levels in the actual implementation process, and were basically unable to be implemented. The reason is that, on the one hand, it is affected by the basic formation of the nationwide drinking custom, especially that alcohol has become a necessary consumable in daily social life and the consumption is huge. On the other hand, it is due to the practical impact of the alcohol industry as an important driving force of local economic development, because the production of alcohol can improve the market economic value of food crops, and can also drive the development of related industries, providing more opportunities for people to maintain their livelihoods and increase their income. Therefore, many local officials, proceeding from reality, pointed out that the production and sales of alcohol not only are the basis for many people to live on, but also promote the development of local economy. Therefore, they do not agree to implement such a strict alcohol prohibition policy. Objectively, as an irreplaceable daily consumer product with addictive consumption characteristics, alcohol has played an irreplaceable role in important ceremonies, commemorative activities and festivals. It has become an important consumer product that cannot be separated from people’s daily life. The prohibition policy simply because of food wasting or dealing with famine is unreasonable and impractical.

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崔思朋,仲伟民.清代禁酒与粮食问题[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2022,28(6):165-179. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. rw.2022.10.002

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