Behind China's rapid economic growth is the widespread and severe environmental pollution problem. While ensuring my country's economic growth, reducing environmental pollutant emissions and achieving green and sustainable economic development have become one of the core goals of the current society, and strengthening technological innovation is the fundamental way to reduce environmental pollution. At the same time, promoting the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure is the fundamental way to realize the development of green economy. This article puts technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading and environmental pollution into the same analytical framework, and attempts to study the impact of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading on environmental pollution from a quantitative perspective. Based on the panel data of various provinces and cities in China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2004 to 2017, the article constructs a fixed effect model that includes technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and environmental pollution, and proposes that industrial structure upgrading is an intermediary variable of technological innovation affecting environmental pollution. It analyzes and verifies the direct and indirect effects of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading on environmental pollution, and empirically explores the impact of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading on environmental pollution. At the same time, comparative analysis is carried out at the national and regional levels. On the basis of verifying the validity of the previous hypothesis, comparing the empirical test results of different regions, we try to obtain more targeted research conclusions and policy enlightenment from the perspective of regional differences in China. The research results show that:from the perspective of direct effects, technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading can significantly reduce environmental pollution, and the intensity of the effect is inversely proportional to the level of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading, and the results of the sub-regional tests are the same; the effect of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading on reducing environmental pollution has shown obvious regional differences among the eastern, central and western regions. From the perspective of indirect effects, technological innovation can promote the upgrading of industrial structure to reduce environmental pollution, and the upgrading of industrial structure acts as an intermediary variable in the process of technological innovation to reduce environmental pollution. The sub-regional test results show that the eastern region has a complete mediation effect, the western region accounts for 27.46% of the mediation effect, and the central region has no significant mediation effect. The research results of the article have important implications for China's environmental pollution control:technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading are essential to reduce pollution emissions and improve environmental quality. The government needs to implement policies based on local conditions and give full play the direct and indirect effects of technological innovation and industrial structure upgrading to reduce environmental pollution. While pursuing advanced industrial structure, the eastern region should play the core role of technological innovation in the upgrading of industrial structure; the central and western regions should accelerate the improvement of enterprise innovation capabilities and introduce production capital and technology-intensive industries to promote the transformation of industrial structure upgrading.