“近三百年”历史叙事:民国学者的清史书写
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“The Past 300 Years” historical narrative: the writing of Qing history in the Republic of China
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    摘要:

    “近三百年”是民国学者在清史书写中使用较多的一种固定表达,是在当时特定的历史环境下产生的叙事模式。梁启超先生最先对“近三百年”进行历史界定,赋予其反对封建史观、倡导思想解放、服务社会现实等内涵,试图为当时的社会发展提供借鉴与指导,深刻影响了民国时期的清史书写,是这一叙事模式的实际开创者和推动者。“近三百年”历史叙事广泛出现在当时的学术、政治、外交、宗教等诸多研究领域,建立起一种全新的史学解释体系,标志着近代中国知识分子的觉醒,带有明显的时代印记。“近三百年”叙事模式的产生,不仅受到近代西方文化强势输入及中西文化论争的影响,而且与清季民初兴起的“反满”思潮有很大关系。“近三百年”本身包含着清代历史的“前因”和“后果”,将有清一代的兴衰史迹、思想变迁拉伸、拓宽,追源竟流,消弭了朝代更迭造成的历史隔阂,较为清晰地展现了清代历史发生、发展、兴盛、衰亡的完整图景,这比以“断代”叙事脉络更为清晰。“近三百年”叙事模式以资产阶级启蒙思想反对封建史观,以“时段”理论冲击了传统的“断代”叙事,强调整体研究的方法,更加注重以史经世,反映了当时学者思考和解决中国社会历史诸问题的一种方式,代表的是一种进步的历史观。这一叙事模式虽受西方文化影响而产生,但转而以中国历史为本位,以历史主动精神反思中国学术、政治与社会,是对清史研究范式的新探索,为当代清史书写提供了理论借鉴。需要指出的是,“近三百年”的内涵随着时代发展已经发生明显变化,当代学者在使用“近三百年”论述清代历史时,有必要对其时间断限、研究范围、理论内涵等进行重新界定。

    Abstract:

    The past 300 years is a fixed expression frequently used by scholars of the Republic of China in the writing of Qing history, and it is a narrative mode generated under the specific historical environment at that time. Liang Qichao was the first to define the history of "the past 300 years", endowing it with connotations such as opposing the feudal view of history, advocating ideological emancipation, and serving social reality, trying to provide reference and guidance for the social development at that time, which had a profound impact on the writing of Qing history in the period of the Republic of China. He is the actual founder and promoter of this narrative mode. "The past 300 years" historical narrative widely appeared in many research fields such as academics, politics, diplomacy, and religion at that time, establishing a brand-new historical interpretation system, which marks the awakening of modern Chinese intellectuals. The emergence of the narrative mode of "the past 300 years" is not only influenced by the strong input of modern Western culture and the debate between Chinese and Western cultures, but also has a great relationship with the "anti-Manchu" trend of thought that emerged in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. "The past 300 years" contains the antecedents and consequences of the history of the Qing Dynasty. It stretches and broadens the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty, the change of thought, traces the origin, and eliminates the historical estrangement caused by the change of dynasties. It clearly shows the complete picture of the occurrence, development, prosperity and decline of the history of the Qing Dynasty, which is clearer than the narrative context of writing of dynastic history. The narrative mode of "the past 300 years" opposes the feudal historical view with the bourgeois enlightenment thought, impacts the traditional "Dynastic Theory" narrative with the "Period Theory", emphasizes the overall research method, pays more attention to the history, reflects a way for scholars to think and solve the problems of Chinese social history at that time, and represents a progressive historical view. Although this narrative mode was influenced by Western culture, it turned to Chinese history as the standard and reflected on Chinese academic, political and social with historical initiative spirit. It is a new exploration of the research paradigm of Qing history and provides a theoretical reference for the writing of contemporary Qing history. It should be pointed out that the connotation of "the past 300 years" has changed significantly with the development of the times. When contemporary scholars use "the past 300 years" to write the history of the Qing Dynasty, it is necessary to redefine its time limit, research scope and theoretical connotation.

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李文昌,林存阳.“近三百年”历史叙事:民国学者的清史书写[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2024,30(2):147-156. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. rw.2024.02.002

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