General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the concept of new quality productive forces based on the characteristics of our economic development era times and made a series of important arguments. New quality productivity forces is a productivity form by the new technological revolution. The engine of new quality productivity forces is the information technology and artificial intelligence, and scientific and technological innovation is its driving force. New quality productivity forces is the strong driving force and supporting force of high-quality development. As an important part of the national innovation system, universities and colleges play a crucial role in fundamental research, applied research and achievement transformation. They have achieved a lot of major scientific and technological achievements. However, there are still many deficiencies and many difficulties and problems. Under the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important arguments on "new quality productivity forces", it is of great importance significance to accurately grasp the important position and unique advantages of scientific and technological innovation ability in universities and colleges, and objectively evaluate the development level of scientific and technological innovation of universities and colleges in different regions of our country, and analyze the existing problems, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. This paper uses TOPSIS method to measure the scientific and technological innovation ability index of universities and colleges in 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions). Based on the spatial autocorrelation theory, this paper explores the spatial correlation characteristics of scientific and technological innovation ability index. Theil index is used to analyze the spatial differences of scientific and technological innovation power index. The geographical detector is utilized to study influencing factors of the science and technology innovation power and the interaction of those factors. The results of the study are that: The overall innovation power of Chinese universities and colleges in 31 provinces (including municipalities and autonomous regions) is not strong. The spatial distribution of science and technology innovation power index is uneven, and and the eastern region is significantly higher than the central and western regions. The spatial auto-correlation is significant. The regions with high index such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang show the "high-high" agglomeration. The regions with low index such as Gansu, Hainan, Xinjiang and Tibet show the "low-low" agglomeration. There are significant regional differences. The internal difference of eastern and western regions is more significant than that of central region. The internal differences in the east are narrowing. The internal differences in the central region first increased and then decreased. The internal differences have increased in the western region. The main factors that affect the development of scientific and technological innovation power of Chinese universities and colleges are human resources, fund investment, etc.. There are obvious differences in resource input between regions. The central and western regions are underinvested. At the same time, the central and western regions also affected by regional opening up to the world and technical needs. The interaction intensity of internal factors is greater than that of external factors. The factors with greater interaction strength are the number of teaching and research staff, the science and technology allocation funds in the current year,the number of technology results application and service projects, the amount of funds allocated for R&D achievements application and scientific and technological service projects in the current year and the informatization level. The informatization level plays an increasingly important role. According to the research conclusion and based on General Secretary Xi Jinping’s new quality productivity forces, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions in innovation investment, resource allocation, resource sharing and government-industry-university-research cooperation, etc..