The transformation of social forms is essentially the development process of productivity from low quality to high quality, and the improvement of productivity level is the fundamental driving force for the development of human society. New quality productivity starts with "new", focuses on "quality", and takes "productivity" as the foothold. The focus of cultivating new quality productivity is on new technology, new industries, and new elements. As a strategic production factor in the digital age, data elements are the key to achieving digitalization and intelligence in enterprises. The national comprehensive experimental zone for big data is deeply cultivating the blue ocean of data, cultivating the big data industry, and unleashing strong productivity efficiency. Exploring the practical path of big data pilot zone relying on data elements to help the construction of modern economic system is of great significance to accelerate the formation of new quality productivity, realize high-quality economic growth through scientific and technological innovation, and promote the construction of Chinese path to modernization. This paper combs the existing concept and connotation of new quality productivity, introduces data elements, and clarifies the theoretical mechanism of enabling new quality productivity in the big data comprehensive pilot area. Based on the panel data of 230 prefecture level cities in China from 2011 to 2021, this paper constructs a new quality productivity indicator system at the urban level in three dimensions of scientific and technological productivity, green productivity, and digital productivity, treats the pilot policy of the national big data comprehensive pilot area as a quasi natural experiment, builds a multi period double difference model to empirically test the effect of pilot policies, and depicts the heterogeneity of pilot policy effects from multiple dimensions. The research results find that: 1) the national level big data comprehensive experimental zone significantly empowers the improvement of new quality productivity, and this conclusion still holds under various robustness tests. 2) Dimensional heterogeneity analysis shows that pilot policies have significant empowerment in three dimensions: technological productivity, green productivity, and digital productivity. Regional heterogeneity analysis shows that policy empowerment effects are more pronounced in the eastern coastal areas and the Yangtze River Economic Belt region. The analysis of heterogeneity in economic characteristics shows that the urban policy empowerment effect of high-level industrial structure, human capital, and digital infrastructure is prominent. 3) Mechanism analysis shows that pilot policies incentivize enterprises to increase research and development investment, thereby empowering new quality productivity. Based on this, policy recommendations are proposed: optimize pilot policy driven data element channels based on the sub dimension of new quality productivity; target promotion of the reform of big data comprehensive pilot zones in response to the heterogeneity of regional industrial structure; fully leverage the guidance of local governments and the exemplary role of enterprises in policy implementation.