“法定犯”视角下著作权犯罪民刑衔接的限度
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D924.33;D923.41

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西南政法大学智能司法研究院2022年度合规专项课题"企业合规改革的试点动因、模式选择及规范优化"(ZNHG2022K05)


The limit of connection between civil law and criminal law about copyright crime from the perspective of statutory offense
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    摘要:

    在加大知识产权保护的时代背景下,为了实现对著作权的周延保护,《著作权法》与《刑法》相关条款纷纷修改。条文的修改亟需阐释,两法之冲突亦应梳理。因此,有必要探讨著作权犯罪的民刑衔接问题,以既符合法秩序统一的要求,又最大程度满足知识产权的刑法保护需要。然而,主张著作权犯罪的民刑衔接不具有限度的"否定立场",将使刑法产生处罚漏洞,与罪刑法定原则发生逻辑背离,致《刑法修正案(十一)》的修法效果大打折扣。考察其立论基础,分析"法定犯"属性对犯罪成立的影响,可知侵犯著作权罪应当坚持缓和的违法一元论,但没有根基对相关概念作出含义统一的要求,没有理由对"附属刑事责任条款"施加限制入罪的效力,刑法可以独立解释"复制、发行、通过信息网络向公众传播"行为的内涵。因此,需要确立以"违反前置法"为前提,旨在"实现刑法目的"的民刑衔接之限度的教义学方案。第一,在通过"违反前置法"实现衔接这一环节,应当严格依据《著作权法》确定作品是否享有特定著作权,以及犯罪嫌疑人是否侵犯著作权。倘若在这一步骤作出了否定的回答,则侵犯著作权罪必然不能成立。第二,在通过"实现刑法目的"确立限度这一环节,则应当遵循刑法的目的,考虑构成要件的文字范围与处罚必要性的大小,最终决定犯罪是否成立。具体而言,其一,合理解释"复制发行"的含义,包括复制、发行或者既复制又发行的行为。其中,单独的复制行为不应被排除在处罚范围之外,"发行"应当限制为"首次发行"和"总发行",且发表与出租行为也属于发行行为的一种,但是出租书籍与复制发行违法演绎作品之行为因未侵犯著作权而不能入罪。其二,探讨"《著作权法》第52条"规定行为的入罪可能,肯定处罚"剽窃他人作品""以注释方式使用作品""未经许可从现场直播或者公开传送其现场表演"等行为,排斥惩罚"未经合作作者许可,将与他人合作创作的作品当作自己单独创作的作品发表""录制表演""以改编、翻译方式使用作品"等行为。其三,证成"网播"与"深度链接"行为被"通过信息网络向公众传播"所涵摄的观点。

    Abstract:

    In the era of increasing intellectual property protection, in order to achieve comprehensive protection of copyright, relevant provisions of the Copyright Law and the Criminal Law have been amended. The revision of the provisions urgently needs to be explained, and the conflicts between the two laws should also be sorted out. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the connection between civil law and criminal law about copyright crimes, in order to not only meet the requirements of the unification of legal order, but also meet the needs of criminal law protection of intellectual property to the greatest extent. However, the negative stance of advocating that the connection is not limited will not only create loopholes in criminal law, but also logically deviate from the principle of statutory crime and punishment, and will reduce the effect of the amendment of the Criminal Law Amendment (11). By examining the basis of its argument and analyzing the influence of the attribute of statutory offense on the establishment of the crime, it is found that the crime of copyright infringement should adhere to the moderate monism of illegality, but there is no basis for making a unified meaning for the relevant concepts, and there is no reason to impose the effect of limiting criminalization on the subsidiary criminal liability clause. The criminal law can independently explain the connotation of the act of copying, distributing, and disseminating to the public through information networks. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a doctrinal plan that aims to achieve the purpose of criminal law and the limit of the connection, based on the premise of violating the preceding law. Firstly, in the process of achieving connection by violating the preceding law, the Copyright Law should be strictly followed to determine whether the work enjoys specific copyright and whether the suspect has infringed on copyright. If a negative answer is given at this step, the crime of copyright infringement cannot be established. Secondly, in the process of establishing limits through achieving the purpose of criminal law, it is necessary to follow the purpose of criminal law, consider the textual scope of the constituent elements and the necessity of punishment, and ultimately determine whether a crime is established. Specifically, first, reasonably explain the meaning of reproduction and distribution, including the act of copying, distributing, or both. Among them, individual copying activities should not be excluded from the scope of punishment, distribution should be limited to initial distribution and total distribution, and publishing and renting activities also belong to one type of distribution activities. However, renting books and copying and distributing illegal deductive works cannot be criminalized because they do not infringe copyright. Second, explore the possibility of incriminating the acts specified in Article 52 of the Copyright Law, affirm the punishment of plagiarizing the works of others, using the works in the form of annotations, broadcasting or publicly transmitting live performances without permission, and reject the punishment of publishing a work created in collaboration with others as a work created by oneself without the permission of the co-authors, recording and performing, and using the work in the form of adaptation or translation. Third, prove that the behavior of webcasting and deep linking is implied by spreading to the public through information networks.

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姚万勤,李灿.“法定犯”视角下著作权犯罪民刑衔接的限度[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2024,30(5):249-260. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. fx.2023.04.004

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  • 在线发布日期: 2024-11-12
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