再谈负有照护职责人员性侵罪的法益界定与司法适用——以保护法益和规范目的的二分为视角
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西南大学 法学院,重庆 400715

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D914

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Revisiting legal interests definition and judicial application of the crime of sexual assault by personnel with care responsibilities: From the perspective of legal interests and normative purpose
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Law School, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, P R China

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    摘要:

    近年来,家庭成员性侵未成年女性案件大幅上升,负有特殊职责人员性侵未成年人的问题突显,要求严惩特殊职责人员性侵未成年人的呼声高涨。然而,现行强奸罪的规定对于此类性侵行为往往无能为力。为回应公众的呼唤,《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》增设负有照护职责人员性侵罪,填补了处罚漏洞,严密了刑事法网。负有监护、收养、看护、教育、医疗等特殊职责的人员,与14至16周岁未成年女性发生性关系的,往往未成年女性虽然表面同意但内心并不情愿,这是本罪入刑的理由。违背意志存在程度上的差异,包括部分违背和完全违背意志两种情形。强奸罪是完全违背妇女意志,侵犯了妇女绝对的性自主权;本罪是部分违背未成年女性意志,侵犯了未成年女性相对的性自主权。本罪并非侵犯性自主权的抽象危险犯,而是实害犯。保护法益属于法前的概念,为立法者提供立法的方向与指引;而规范目的则是立法者增设具体条文的目的,是法后的结论。为了充分保护14至16周岁未成年女性相对的性自主权,立法者在此使用的是原则上不可反驳的法律推定。因此,本罪的规范目的和保护法益存在分离,规范目的保护范围大于保护法益的内容。本罪与强奸罪的关系,之所以出现两种截然相反的观点,究其原因,在于理论对违背被害人意志是否为本罪的构成要件存在不同理解。从保护法益的角度看,本罪与强奸罪是排斥关系。然而就本罪的规范目的而言,违背被害人意志不是本罪的构成要件,本罪与强奸罪的构成要件存在竞合。本罪出罪的路径一是以保护法益对构成要件进行实质解释,将不能对女性性自主权产生实质影响的要素排除在构成要件之外,以合理划定构成要件的适用范围;二是从规范目的展开分析。从本罪规定看,在特殊职责人员与14至16周岁的未成年女性发生性关系场合,本罪属于不可反驳的法律推定,但在被害人主动与特殊职责人员发生性关系时,本罪应被理解为可反驳的法律推定。这样既保护了14至16周岁未成年女性的性自主权,又不会扩大处罚的范围,有利于实现对被害人与行为人合法权益的双重保护。

    Abstract:

    In recent years, the number of cases of sexual assaults against underage females by family members has risen sharply. The problem of sexually assaulting minors by personnel with special responsibilities has become prominent, and the calls for severe punishment have risen. However, the current provisions of the crime of rape are often powerless for such sexual assault. In response to the public's call, Amendment XI to the Criminal Law added the crime of sexual assault by personnel with care responsibilities, filled the punishment loopholes, and tightened the criminal law network. Persons with special responsibilities such as guardianship, adoption, care, education, medical care, etc., when they have sexual relations with underage females aged 14 to 16, often find that underage females are reluctant despite their superficial consent, which is the reason for the criminalization of this act. There are differences in the degree of violation of will, including partial violation and complete violation of will. The crime of rape is complete violation of will and violates females' absolute sexual autonomy. This crime is partial violation of the will of underage females and violates the relative sexual autonomy of underage females. This crime is not an abstract dangerous crime against sexual autonomy, but a real crime. The legal interest is a pre-legislation concept, which provides the direction and guidance of legislation, while normative purpose is the purpose of legislators to add specific provisions, which is the conclusion after legislation. In order to fully protect the relative sexual autonomy of underage females aged 14 to 16, legislators use legally irrefutable legal presumption in principle. Therefore, the normative purpose of this crime and the protection of legal interests are separated, and the protection scope of normative purposes is greater than the content of protecting legal interests. The reason why there are two diametrically opposite views on the relationship between this crime and the crime of rape is that there are different understandings of whether the violation of will of the victim is the constituent element of this crime. From the perspective of protecting legal interests, this crime and rape are exclusive. However, as far as the normative purpose of this crime is concerned, the violation of will of the victim is not a constituent element of this crime, and there is a competition between this crime and the constituent elements of the crime of rape. The first way to exclude from this crime is to substantively interpret the constituent elements with the protecting legal interests, exclude elements that cannot have a substantial impact on females' sexual autonomy from the constituent elements, and reasonably delineate the scope of application of the constituent elements. The second is to analyze from normative purposes. Judging from the provisions of this crime, in the case of persons with special responsibilities have sexual relations with underage females aged 14 to 16, this crime is an irrefutable legal presumption, but when the victims take the initiative, this crime should be understood as a rebuttable legal presumption. This not only protects the sexual autonomy of underage females aged 14 to 16, but also does not expand the scope of punishment, which is conducive to the dual protection of the legitimate rights and interests of victims and perpetrators.

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郝川,那洪瑞.再谈负有照护职责人员性侵罪的法益界定与司法适用——以保护法益和规范目的的二分为视角[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2025,31(2):280-291. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. fx.2023.11.003

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