Under the grand backdrop of the unprecedented global changes in a century and the strategic landscape of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation intertwining and interacting, how to build a modernized industrial system has become a crucial task for China's high-quality economic development. The proposal of the new quality productive forces theory provides scientific criteria and important guidance for this endeavor. Accurately understanding the significant requirement of guiding the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation to construct a modernized industrial system necessitates clarifying the intrinsic logical relationship between these two aspects. As the contemporary evolution of productive forces, new quality productive forces emerge through revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and in-depth transformation and upgrading of industries. The fourth scientific and technological revolution has expanded production factors beyond traditional elements like capital, labor, and technology to include new elements such as information, data, and energy. From the perspective of production factors, the criteria for evaluating production advantages are shifting from singular quantitative input to a dual emphasis on quantity and quality. As a vital component of production methods, the construction of a modernized industrial system actively promotes new quality productive forces. Therefore, it is essential to take scientific and technological innovation leading the development of new quality productive forces as the basic requirement for building a modernized industrial system, take the advancement of new quality productive forces as the ultimate criterion for evaluating the success of modernized industrial system construction, and guide the direction of industrial system modernization based on the characteristics of new quality productive forces. To fully leverage the driving role of a modernized industrial system in fostering new quality productive forces, efforts must focus on: 1) Accelerating major scientific projects, strengthening strategic emerging industries, and proactively cultivating future industries; 2) Creating institutional mechanisms conducive to disruptive innovation and providing diverse scenarios for its application; 3) Recognizing the role of traditional industries in developing new quality productive forces; 4) Standardizing and optimizing industrial competition environments; 5) Adjusting internal industrial relationships to form an innovation-driven, balanced, and efficient modernized system; 6) Enhancing national industrial governance capabilities, leveraging the institutional advantages of socialist market economy, and improving the effectiveness of industrial policies.