性别视角下的周代贵族装饰用玉探讨
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清华大学 人文学院,北京 100084

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李京震,清华大学人文学院,Email:87422495@qq.com。

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K876.8;K224

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The research of decorative jade for aristocracy in the Zhou Dynasty from a gender perspective
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School of Humanities,Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China

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    摘要:

    装饰用玉是周代贵族所钟爱的一类常见玉器,种类繁多。随着考古材料的日益丰富,我们可以发现,周代贵族在某些装饰用玉的使用上表现出显著的性别差异,其中包括梯形牌组佩、玉蚕和玉韘。梯形牌组佩是将不同材质的珠管串成若干股,然后总束于梯形牌饰一端或两端的特殊组玉佩,其主要见于女性贵族墓葬。玉蚕是被雕饰成蚕类造型的玉器,受体积限制,此类器物通常与发饰、组玉佩、腕饰等装饰用玉组合使用,佩戴主体依旧为女性贵族,已知材料中仅有少数男性贵族将玉蚕作为装饰用玉构件。与前两类器物所不同,可能作为钩弦工具的玉韘更多出自男性墓葬。上述玉器性别差异的成因复杂多样,根本上还是受器物特征和用途等因素的影响。女性装饰品被认为更倾向于展现其装饰性,而男性则较少尝试大胆的组合,正因如此,造型较为特殊的梯形牌组佩更受女性青睐。作为射礼与实战中不可或缺的弓射器具,韘的佩戴主体为男性也合乎常理,玉韘亦是如此。据文献记载,与桑蚕有关的活动多由女性主持或参与,作为桑蚕栖息之所的桑林也是人们向高媒神祈求子嗣的重要场所,这或许便是玉蚕与女性之间联系紧密的原因。至于夫妻墓葬中同时随葬梯形牌组佩或玉韘的情况,应当并非偶然,这些出现在弱势性别墓葬中的装饰用玉,也许正是异性相赠的信物,是双方感情的寄托与象征,考古材料与文献记载可以作为此种假设的佐证。

    Abstract:

    Decorative jade, with its diverse categories, is a kind of common jade objects favored by the nobles of the Zhou Dynasty. With the increasing richness of archaeological materials, we can find that the nobles of the Zhou Dynasty showed significant gender differences in the use of certain decorative jade, including trapezoidal chained pendants, jade silkworms and jade "she". Trapezoidal chained pendants are a special group of jade pieces that string beads of different materials into a number of strands, and then bundled at one or both ends of the trapezoidal plate decoration. They are mainly discovered in the tombs of female nobles. Jade silkworm is a kind of jade carved into the shape of silkworm. Due to the size limitation, such objects are usually combined with decorative jade such as hair accessories, jade pieces, wrist ornaments, etc. The major users of such wearing are still female nobles. Only a few male nobles use jade silkworm as decorative jade components. Different from the first two types of jade objects, jade "she", which may be used as a hook and string tool, is more commonly found in male tombs. The causes of gender differences in jade are complex and diverse, but are fundamentally affected by the characteristics and uses of jade objects. Female jade ornaments are more inclined to show decorativeness, while males are less likely to try bold combinations, which is why the more specially shaped trapezoidal chained pendants are more favored by females. As an indispensable bow shooting tool in rituals and actual combats, "she" is mainly worn by males as a matter of course, so is jade "she". According to literature records, most activities related to silkworms are presided over or participated in by females, and the mulberry bush, as the habitat of silkworms, is also an important place for people to pray to the God for children, which may be the reason for the close connection between jade silkworms and women. As for the situation where trapezoidal chained pendants or jade "she" are buried together in the tombs of husband and wife, it is unlikely to be coincidental. The decorative jade that appears in the tombs of the relatively vulnerable gender may well be tokens presented by the opposite sex, serving as the spiritual bailment and symbol of the relationships of both parties. Archaeological materials and documentary records are evidence of such a hypothesis.

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李京震.性别视角下的周代贵族装饰用玉探讨[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2025,31(3):185-193. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. rw.2025.04.002

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  • 在线发布日期: 2025-07-15
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