This paper constructs an index system based on the concept of new quality productivity, focusing on technological innovation and industrial chain modernization, and systematically analyzes the differences, spatial evolution characteristics, and synergistic effects of regional new quality productivity levels in China, with the goal of providing theoretical foundations and policy support for promoting high-quality economic development. The innovation of this study lies in the first construction of a composite system synergy model, which comprehensively evaluates the synergistic effects between multiple dimensions such as technological productivity, educational productivity, talent productivity, and green transformation. It reveals the interactions among the internal elements of new quality productivity and their impact on regional economic development. Furthermore, this paper uses Dagum Gini coefficient and spatial convergence analysis to uncover inter-regional disparities and spatial convergence of new quality productivity levels across different regions of China. The results show that China’s overall new quality productivity is on an upward trend, with the eastern region significantly leading, while the western and northeastern regions lag behind, reflecting substantial regional development disparities. The eastern region maintains its leadership through a strong foundation in technological innovation, modernized industrial chains, and policy advantages, while its gap with the western and northeastern regions persists despite policy support, indicating a need for further intervention. Dagum Gini coefficient analysis reveals that regional differences are primarily driven by inter-group disparities, with intra-group disparities in the central region notably increasing. Spatial agglomeration characteristics have evolved, showing a recent resurgence, indicating the positive effects of policy adjustments on high-tech industries. Spatial convergence analysis shows that new quality productivity levels across the country and the four major geographical regions tend to converge to a steady state, with control variables such as per capita GDP and urbanization rate accelerating the process, especially in the eastern, western, and northeastern regions, while the central region lags behind due to structural issues. The composite system synergy model analysis demonstrates strong synergy between technological productivity, educational productivity, and talent productivity in the eastern region, where policies have been effective. However, the synergy between green transformation and other dimensions remains weak, particularly in industrial chain modernization, where green transformation faces challenges such as high costs and technological barriers, leading to short-term difficulties. In 2022, negative synergy values related to green transformation reflect the challenges enterprises face in adapting to environmental sustainability requirements. Therefore, this paper proposes increasing investment in technological innovation and industrial chain modernization, implementing differentiated policies to guide industrial upgrading, and adapting to the development needs of new quality productivity in different regions, thereby promoting sustainable and high-quality economic growth in China.