At present, exchanges between different countries, regions, and nationalities are constantly increasing, and at the same time, friction and contradictions between different civilizations are becoming increasingly apparent. To actively respond to the current situation of the emergence of different thoughts of openness and closure, inclusiveness and exclusion, cooperation and conflict in human civilization, and to answer the core question of the sustainable development of human civilization with great foresight, Xi Jinping has issued a series of important statements on exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on various occasions since the 18th National Congress of the CPC. The importance of exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations for the innovative development of the Chinese civilization and the common development and prosperity of human civilizations has been repeatedly emphasized. It has become a common value all countries share to promote exchanges rather than confrontation among civilizations. Xi Jinping’s important exposition on exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations is based on the Marxist theory of civilization and combined with the unique insights into exchanges between different civilizations derived from the development demands of the times, and as an important content of Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, it has rich and profound connotations, including three aspects: basic premise, core essence, and practical path. The basic premise of exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations is to uphold human civilizations’ diversity, equality, and inclusiveness. The core essence of exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations include the attitude of mutual respect and equality, harmony with diversity and inclusiveness, the value orientation of upholding justice and interests and pursuing win-win cooperation, the development philosophy of openness and innovation and mutual learning, and the vision of civilizations for beauty in diversity and a harmonious world. The practical path of exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations is as follows: promote equality and inclusiveness and encourage different development models to complement each other, smooth an internet platform for rational reference and unimpeded exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, go beyond the zero-sum game and build a new model of civilized and harmonious major-country relations, and pursue win-win cooperation and foster a new pattern of open, inclusive, and common development. Xi Jinping’s important exposition on exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, as a Chinese plan for exchanges among different civilizations, provides guidelines and theoretical basis for correctly handling relations among different civilizations at present and has long-term instructive significance for the development and prosperity of human civilizations.