Driven by the iterative development of information technology, AI technology based on algorithmic architecture and data-driven principles has become deeply embedded in modern social production chains, permeating all elements of productivity and integrating throughout the labor process. While this transformation unleashes economic efficiency, it also gives rise to new temporal alienation issues, such as compressed production cycles, fragmented labor time, and algorithmically controlled decision-making timelines. Scientifically understanding the socio-economic challenges posed by AI and its mechanisms for reshaping the temporal order of social production is not only critical for reinterpreting labor value and rebalancing distributive justice in the intelligent era but also constitutes a key proposition for constructing sustainable AI development pathways. Guided by the theme of AI reshaping the temporal order of social production, this article employs a three-dimensional analytical framework—phenomenon level, causation level, governance level—to elucidate the internal logic of AI-driven temporal restructuring and explore pathways for temporal liberation in the digital civilization era. At the phenomenon level, the analysis identifies temporal compression, fragmentation, hegemony, and gradient differentiation in social production processes, explaining their real-world challenges. The causation level follows an objective-subjective logic, constructing a technological empowerment-capital driven-data reinforcement-market decision transmission chain model to reveal the socio-economic structural forces reshaping temporal order through the interplay of objective technical conditions and subjective market choices: AI’s superiority in temporal processing over humans serves as the technological foundation for restructuring; Capital-driven increases in temporal density and capture of surplus value form the profit motive; Real-time feedback loops enabled by data reinforcement erode temporal sovereignty as the implementation tool; Market substitution gradients based on temporal structural differences reflect the selection logic. At the governance level, the article explores practical paths to rebuild human-centric temporal order beyond technical rationality, proposing a trinity governance paradigm: defense of temporal sovereignty, rebalancing of temporal value, and cognitive upgrading of temporal perception.