The “Chinese People’s Economy” embodies the people-centered development philosophy and modernization philosophy of the Chinese path to modernization. Rooted in Marxist humanistic thought and the world market theory, this concept is both a response to China’s transition from introduce and go global to enter and upgrade, and a practical necessity for advancing the new development paradigm through higher-level opening-up. Its reconstruction of the accounting system reflects a paradigm shift in national wealth growth. The “Chinese People’s Economy” encompasses profound theoretical connotations: taking people as the most dynamic factor in productive forces as the development subject, scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation in-depth integration as the development driving force, enhancing people’s well-being and promoting common prosperity as the development purpose, expanding development space through the domestic and international markets and resources, and pursuing common creation and sharing of national wealth globally as the development orientation, demonstrating a deep-seated, systematic transformation in China’s economic development model. Not developing in isolation, the “Chinese People’s Economy” is promoted and influenced by the “Chinese Economy”, with both dialectically unified in the global creation of national wealth and the Chinese path to modernization. Faced with the requirements of high-quality development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, it is necessary to adhere to the close combination of investment in physical capital and human capital, build a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing industry as the backbone, promote the integration of trade and investment and the cross-border layout of industrial chains, expand the space for two-way investment cooperation, and steadily expand high-level institutional opening-up, exploring practical paths for developing the “Chinese People’s Economy” from multi-dimensional perspectives such as innovation momentum, industrial foundation, value space, partnership network, and institutional mechanisms.