China is one of the countries seriously affected by natural disasters in the world.Facing the new situation and new tasks of disaster reduction and disaster relief,the effective use of social forces to participate in disaster relief and minimize the loss of disaster is a hot issue to strengthen social governance and protect people's livelihood.Based on the perspective of system theory,the influence factors of public participation in natural disaster emergency relief are analyzed,structural equation is used to analyze the co-variation among factors in this paper.The results show that:the policies and regulations have a significant positive impact on the participation consciousness; the participation consciousness has a positive impact on the participation behavior; media promotion has a significant positive impact on the participation ability; the participation ability has a positive impact on the participation behavior; subject development has a significant positive impact on the participation consciousness; the participation consciousness has a significant positive impact on participation behavior.Our research results are helpful to propose specific ways to improve the effectiveness of public participation.