媒介对知识在时间和空间中的传播产生重要影响。现行的学术评价体系发轫、发展于以印刷术为支撑的纸媒环境下，对科学技术的发展曾起到积极的作用。但随着网络技术的发展，其局限性也逐渐凸显。学术出版过程中的封闭性与网络的开放性、互动性形成尖锐的矛盾，作为学术生产主体的学术共同体权利旁落，出版商成为学术生态体系的中心。区块链具有不可伪造、全程留痕、可追溯、公开透明、集体维护等特征，具有广阔的运用前景。在学术场域中，国外已有不少区块链的应用平台。本文以Scienceroot为例，分析私有场域中区块链学术网络平台的特点及弱点。Scienceroot基于科学代币（Science Token，简称ST）运营，集科研协作、资助和出版、学术评价与交易于一体，是基于网络和科研工作者的新型学术生态系统。该系统中，学术评价具有如下特点：一是去中介，评议专家范围更广、匹配更精准和灵活，作者能够参与其中，评议过程开放透明，评议专家的劳动能够得到确认和激励；二是评价的对象既可以是成熟的成果也可以仅仅是科学研究议题；三是同行评议和量化评价、内容评价和影响力评价相结合。虽然平台构建了新型的学术生态系统，但是由于该平台由技术企业所创办，因此存在资本逐利性与学术产品公共性之间的矛盾、评议的公正性及学界认可度尚不明确、公有链的运行效率等问题。
除了被私有出版主体或技术企业所运用，区块链还可以被公有制大学等学术研究主体所运用，这才是区块链真正价值之所在。在这种场域下，基于区块链的学术网络平台能够实现学术共同体的虚拟重构。通过线上学术机构联盟或学科联盟，学术共同体能直接参与学术合作与学术生产，行使学术评议的权利。在这种学术生态系统中，学术共同体占主导地位，多元主体参与评价和交流；激励机制可以让同行评议专家及科研合作者的劳动得到承认和确权，调动他们参与的积极性；共识机制让评价机制能够得到学界的普遍认可；智能合约有助于鼓励科研工作者之间的合作，促进科研成果市场转化等。一方面，这一学术生态系统既保留了私有场域中Scienceroot平台的优点，同时也有效避免了资本逐利本性对学术产品公共性的影响，有利于打破科层制行政组织对学术评价的过度干预，减少学术特权和学术寻租行为；另一方面，这种评价以学术同行的共识为前提，能够得到联盟内学术机构的普遍认可，利于快速打破以出版商为中心的学术评价体系。虽然区块链对学术评价体系变革具有积极意义，但由于区块链技术本身的局限性，在实践中如何解决记账节点风险、运行效率等问题尚需要深入研究和探讨。

Media has important influence on the dissemination of knowledge in time and space. The current academic evaluation system originated and developed in the paper media environment supported by printing, and has played a positive role in the development of science and technology. However, with the development of network technology, its limitations are becoming more and more prominent. The closeness in the process of academic publishing forms a sharp contradiction with the openness and interaction of the network. As the main subject of academic production, the rights of academic community fall aside, and publishers become the center of the academic ecosystem. Blockchain has the characteristics of non forgeability, leaving traces in the whole process, traceability, openness and transparency, collective maintenance, etc., and has broad application prospects. In the academic field, there are many blockchain application platforms abroad. Taking Scienceroot as an example, this paper analyzes the characteristics and weaknesses of block chain academic network platform in private field. Scienceroot operates based on Science Token, which integrates scientific research collaboration, funding and publishing, academic evaluation and trading. It is a new academic ecosystem based on network and scientific researchers. In the system, academic evaluation has the following characteristics:first, it is disintermediated, the range of evaluation experts is wider, the matching is more accurate and flexible, the author can participate in it, the evaluation process is open and transparent, and the labor of evaluation experts can be confirmed and encouraged; second, the object of evaluation may be either mature achievements or just scientific research topics; third, the combination of peer review and quantitative evaluation, content evaluation and influence evaluation. Although the platform has built a new academic ecosystem, for the platform was founded by technology enterprises, it also has some problems, such as the contradiction between the profit seeking nature of capital and the publicity of academic products, the unclear fairness and recognition of evaluation, and the operation efficiency of public chain.
In addition to being used by private publishing publishers or technology enterprises, blockchain may also be used by academic research institutions such as public universities, where the real value lies. In this field, the academic network platform based on blockchain can realize the virtual reconstruction of academic community. Through online academic institution alliance or discipline alliance, the academic community can truly participate in academic cooperation and academic production and exercise the right of academic evaluation. This academic ecosystem is dominated by the academic community, and multiple subjects participate in evaluation and exchange. Incentive mechanism can recognize and reward experts' peer review, and encourage them to participate in it more actively. The consensus mechanism enables the evaluation mechanism to be generally recognized by the academic community. Smart contract helps to encourage cooperation among scientific researchers and promote the market transformation of scientific research achievements. On the one hand, this academic ecosystem not only retains the advantages of the Scienceroot platform in the private field, but also effectively avoids the impact of the profit seeking nature of capital on the publicity of academic products, which is conducive to breaking the excessive intervention of bureaucratic administrative organizations in academic evaluation and reducing academic privileges and academic rent-seeking behavior On the other hand, based on the consensus of academic peers, this evaluation can be widely recognized by academic institutions in the alliance and quickly break the publishing centered academic evaluation system. Although blockchain is of positive significance to the reform of academic evaluation system, due to the limitations of blockchain technology itself, how to solve the problems of accounting node risk and operation efficiency in practice still needs to be deeply studied and discussed.

C931;C81

重庆市社会科学规划重点项目"提升主流媒体融合传播能力研究"（2020ZDZT10）；北京市社会科学基金项目"供给侧结构性改革视域下首都公共文化服务示范区建设研究"（20JCB039）