1910年10月，满洲里最先发现鼠疫患者，其后鼠疫传至哈尔滨傅家甸，并且迅速恶化，不久在东北全境乃至关外地区扩散，直至清政府控制傅家甸疫情，各地疫情逐渐缓解。到1911年4月疫情完全被扑灭，前后历时6个月，累计死亡达五六万人。此次鼠疫不仅给中国带来深重灾难，还影响到日本、俄国等列强在东北的商业利益。面对突如其来、凶猛异常的瘟疫，中、日、俄等国都采取了一定的防疫行动，并且围绕防疫事权展开了激烈博弈，其中日本表现尤为"积极"。日本不仅详细调查东北鼠疫疫情，还按天、按周、按月详细报告东北疫情，并在其领事馆周边地区、"南满铁路"沿线地区、中朝边境，乃至本土采取应对措施。日本采取的防疫措施主要有：紧急撤离日本侨民，成立统一的防疫管理机构，实行紧急隔离措施，加强水陆交通检疫、消毒，奖励捕鼠、灭鼠，极力推动"中日联合防疫"。日本不惜投入大量人力、物力、财力开展防疫，其动机和原因在于：一是出于自身安全的考虑，严防鼠疫蔓延至日本本土，进而威胁到日本民众安全；二是"缓和"东北民众的排日情绪，不仅要巩固在东北的既得利益，还要趁机攫取更大权益；三是尽早扑灭鼠疫，恢复中日交通和通商，以便抢夺东北的商业利益；四是部分医务人员出于"人道主义"考虑，支援东北防疫。客观而论，日本的防疫措施在一定程度上预防了鼠疫蔓延，遏制了疫情在朝鲜、日本的扩散，为最后扑灭此次大瘟疫起到一定的作用，但是日本借口防疫强行干预东北防疫事务、践踏中国领土主权、歧视中国民众等粗暴行径不容忽视，对日本借防疫实现在东北的政治、外交和经济野心企图更要清醒认识。

In October 1910,the plague patient was first found in Manchuria.Afterwards,the plague spread to Fujiadian,Harbin,and quickly deteriorated,and soon it spread throughout the Northeast and even outside the Shanhaiguan,until the Qing government controlled the Fujiadian epidemic,the epidemic gradually eased in various places. By April 1911,the epidemic was completely extinguished. It took 6 months before and after,and the cumulative deaths reached 50,000 to 60,000. The plague not only brought serious disasters to China,but also affected the commercial interests of powers such as Japan and Russia in the Northeast. In the face of the sudden and fierce plague,China,Japan,Russia and other countries have taken certain measures to prevent the epidemic,and have launched a fierce game around epidemic prevention rights. Among them,Japan has been particularly "active". Japan not only investigated the plague epidemic in Northeast China in detail,but also reported on the epidemic situation on a daily,weekly,and monthly basis. It also took response measures in the areas surrounding its consulate,along the "South Manchurian railway",the border between China and North Korea,and even on the Japanese mainland. The epidemic prevention measures adopted by Japan mainly include:emergency evacuation of Japanese nationals,establishment of a unified epidemic prevention management agency,implementation of emergency isolation measures,strengthening of water and land transportation quarantine and disinfection,encourage catching and killing rats,and vigorously promoting China-Japan joint epidemic prevention. Japan did not hesitate to invest a large amount of manpower,material and financial resources to carry out epidemic prevention. The motives and reasons are:first,for its own safety,it strictly prevented the plague from spreading to Japan and threatening the safety of Japanese people; the second is to "moderate" the people's anti-Japanese sentiment in the Northeast,not only to consolidate the vested interests in the Northeast,but also to seize the opportunity to capture greater rights and interests; the third is to eradicate the plague as soon as possible,and to restore the transportation and commerce between China and Japan in order to snatch the commercial interests of the Northeast; fourth,some medical personnel have supported epidemic prevention in the Northeast out of "humanitarian" considerations. Objectively speaking,Japan's epidemic prevention measures have prevented the spread of the plague to a certain extent,curbed the spread of the epidemic in North Korea and Japan,and played a certain role in the final eradication of this major plague. However,Japan's violent actions such as forcibly interfering in Northeast epidemic prevention affairs under the pretext of epidemic prevention,trampling on China's territorial sovereignty,and discriminating against the Chinese people cannot be ignored.Japan's attempt to realize its political,diplomatic and economic ambitions in Northeast China through epidemic prevention must be more soberly understood.

K257;R516.8

国家社科基金重大项目"1912年至1937年间日本驻华使领商务报告整理与研究"（20&ZD236）