中国最早的人物图像叙事——青铜器上的"角色动图"
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The earliest character image narrativeof China: "Character animation" on bronzes
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    摘要:

    东周镶嵌青铜器上的人物画像围绕着弋射、宴饮、射侯和采桑等仪式主题铸形,是中国最早的叙事性人物图像遗存。若静止地看,器物上每个人物都是某一固定动作的图像。但若将人物的朝向、冠饰、空间关系和动作秩序与《仪礼》中相关仪节记载进行对读可发现,这不是西方所谓的"最富于孕育性顷刻"的共时性画面,而是单个(或两个)角色按照自身走位和相应仪态"动"起来的历时性画面。质言之,如果画面上先后有四个人鱼贯而入,极有可能不是多个人,而是一个角色在执行某一个动作程序。如:7人在场的宴饮画像,实为献爵者和受爵者两个角色相向举行的"升堂-当楣拜-酌酒-献爵"仪节;堂上3人或5人射侯的画面,实为司射一人所作示范性"诱射"动作的分镜头,堂下5人也非一并登场,而是"一耦"(2人)有序行进、登堂竞射;4人在场的弋射画像完整呈现了鸟"水中游曳-腾空而起-飞至弋射者头顶"进而弋射者"单膝跪姿引弓发射-双膝跪姿举弓维持缴绳-缴绳离弓系于石质工具磻上"的人鸟博弈历程;十余人在场的采桑画像也非集体采桑活动,而是女子在男子协助下依次完成"爬树-采桑-伐桑-递桑-共携桑筐"的单元躬桑仪节搬演。这些画像虽受到早期视知觉规律和制图法则的限制略显稚拙,却匠心独运地保留了礼仪搬演的时间性、表演性和叙事性,使画像人物"动"起来,犹如一帧一帧的动画合集。这种单一人物角色的移动,本质上乃图像叙事,可称之为"角色动图"。如此一来,青铜礼器上的画像乃是周代礼仪搬演的准实时转印,是四维时空中完成的"角色动图":时间维度是其主导维度,建筑庭院、桑林、水泽边等是其叙事空间,不仅单个人物角色因应着时间秩序展开叙事,就连建筑台基的高度、阶梯的位置与方向以及建筑与庭院的空间关系等也因人物图像叙事的需求而产生变形处理。在此,空间是被时间所牵引着的。

    Abstract:

    The portraits of figures inlaid on bronzes of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were shaped around the themes of rituals such as Yishe, Banquet, Shooting, and Picking mulberry. They are the earliest character image narrative in China. If you look at it still, each figure on bronzes is an image of a certain fixed action. However, if the characters’ orientation, crown, spatial relations, and order of actions are compared with the relevant ritual records in "Yi Li", this is not a synchronic picture that Westerners called the "most fertile moment", but a diachronic picture in which a single (or two) characters "moving" according to their own positions and corresponding manners. Essentially, if there are four people on the image, it is most likely not multiple people, but one character performing a certain action program. For example, 7 people of Banquet portraits actually depicts only two roles, the presenter and the recipient, who are facing each other, and performing the "entering the hall-saluting at the lintel-spooning wine into winebowl-offering wine" ceremony in sequence. In the Shooting portraits, the 3 or 5 people in the hall are actually only one person called si she, who is performing a series of demonstrative actions (you she). Furthermore, the 5 people in the courtyard did not mean that they were going to the hall to shoot together, but "yi ou" (2 people) marched in an orderly manner and competed in the hall. In the Yishe portraits, a struggle between man and bird is completly presented, firstly the bird "swimming in the water-rising in the air-flying to the sky above the shooter", and then the shooter "kneeling on one knee to shoot-kneeling on both knees and raising the bow to maintain the rope-taking the rope off the bow and tying it to the stone tool". In the mulberry picking portraits of a dozen people, it is not a collective mulberry-picking activity scene, but a woman and a man completing the ritual of "climbing the mulberry tree-picking mulberry leaves-cutting mulberry leaves-delivering mulberry leaves-carrying mulberry basket together" in turn. Although these portraits are a little naive due to the restrictions of early visual perception and drawing rules, they ingeniously retain the time, performance and narrative of ritual performance, so that the characters in the portraits "moving" like a frame-by-frame animation. This movement of a single character is essentially an image narrative, which can be called a "character animation". As such, the portraits on the bronzes are quasi-real-time transfer of the ritual rehearsal in Zhou Dynasty, and are a kind of "character animation" completed in four-dimensional spacetime. The time dimension is its dominant dimension, and the architectural courtyard, mulberry forest, and waterfront are its narrative. Not only does a single character develop a narrative according to the temporal order, but even the height of the building platform, the position and direction of the stairs, and the spatial relationship between the building and the courtyard are also deformed due to the needs of character image narrative. Here, space is guided by time.

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卢忠敏.中国最早的人物图像叙事——青铜器上的"角色动图"[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2022,28(2):132-142. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. rw.2022.02.003

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  • 在线发布日期: 2022-04-25
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