我国人工智能刑法的行政前置性立法探析
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D924;TP18

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2022年国家社会科学基金青年项目"数据安全的刑法区分性保护研究"(22CFX015);司法部2021年度法治建设与法学理论研究科研项目"数据犯罪治理的'民行刑’衔接路径研究"(21SFB3009);互联网法治研究院(杭州)2021年度重点研究课题;上海市教育委员会和上海市教育发展基金会"晨光计划"资助项目;四川省犯罪防控研究中心项目"法秩序统一视阈下数据犯罪治理研究"(FZFKK22-10)


An analysis of the administrative pre-legislation of China’s AI criminal law
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    摘要:

    人工智能法学研究应当谨防"学术泡沫",人工智能刑事法治建设应当立足我国本土实践的真问题,重点关注真正能够对我国刑法产生挑战的人工智能危害行为。新型人工智能犯罪属于典型的行政犯,在人工智能技术发展的初期,人工智能刑法应当塑造行政前置性立法方法,具体包括"前置行政不法"和"前置行政程序"两类立法模式。其中,"行政性"是指人工智能行为等构成要件在静态规范层面中的不法行政评价和动态行政程序执行中的过程性、经历性行政评价,而"前置性"是指行政性评价前置于人工智能犯罪行为的刑事责任认定。相较于信息网络犯罪和计算机系统犯罪的立法而言,人工智能技术危害的实践特质在于人工智能的深度学习性和算法技术对人类活动时空的延伸性。因而,行政前置性立法特质要在人工智能刑法体系中得以体现,就需要立法者尤为注重全面性和双重性规则。行政前置性立法有助于保障刑事归责的专业性,重点聚焦人工智能的技术特质挑战,实现不同算法技术危害行为的等级评价。在具体设计行政前置性立法规则时,立法者需要将规则特质运用在人工智能技术的研发以及人工智能产品的测试、生产、销售和使用等阶段。具体而言,第一,对于行政不法前置性立法,刑法应当重点评价人工智能产品的销售和使用阶段,对销售不符合行政标准的人工智能产品行为设置抽象危险犯,并对人工智能产品使用阶段的制造安全事故、危险驾驶、非法侵入、破坏系统的危害行为,增设涵盖行政不法规范的新罪名或相关条款。第二,对于行政程序前置性立法,刑法应当重点评价人工智能技术的研发阶段,以及人工智能产品的测试、生产、销售和使用阶段。行政程序前置性立法发挥着行政行为公共服务监管的本质机能,行政许可、登记、责令等程序能够确保人工智能技术研发和产品测试、生产、销售和使用等各阶段,符合人类的道德伦理性和技术安全性。行政程序前置性立法要求刑法应当单独设置相关罪名,将行政许可、登记、责令等程序作为人工智能技术发展初期的刑法规制缓冲和风险预防手段。

    Abstract:

    Artificial intelligence law research should guard against the "academic foam", and the construction of artificial intelligence criminal rule of law should be based on the real problems of China’s local practice, focusing on the harmful behaviors of artificial intelligence that can really challenge China’s criminal law. The new AI crime belongs to typical administrative crime. In the early stage of the development of AI technology, the AI criminal law should shape the administrative pre-legislative method, specifically including two legislative models: "pre-administrative illegality" and "pre-administrative procedure". Among them, "administrative" refers to the illegal administrative evaluation in the static normative level and the procedural and experiential administrative evaluation in the implementation of dynamic administrative procedures of the constituent elements such as AI behavior, while "prepositive" refers to administrative evaluation precedes criminal responsibility determination of the AI criminal behavior. Compared with the legislation of information network crime and computer system crime, the practical characteristics of the harm of AI technology lie in the deep learning of AI and the extension of algorithm technology to human activities in time and space. Therefore, in order to embody the characteristics of administrative pre-legislation in AI criminal law system, legislators need to pay special attention to comprehensive and dual rules. Administrative pre-legislation helps to ensure the professionalism of criminal liability, focusing on the technical characteristics of AI challenges, and achieving the level evaluation of different algorithmic technology hazards. When designing specific administrative pre-legislation rules, legislators need to apply the characteristics of the rules to the development of AI technology and the testing, production, sales and use of AI products. To be specific, first, for the legislation of administrative illegality, criminal law should focus on the evaluation of the sales and use stages of AI products, set up abstract dangerous crimes for the sales of AI products that do not meet administrative standards, and add new charges or relevant provisions covering administrative illegality norms for the dangerous acts of manufacturing safety accidents, dangerous driving, illegal invasion, and system destruction during the use stage of AI products. Second, for the legislation of administrative procedure, criminal law should focus on the evaluation of the research and development stage of AI technology, as well as the testing, production, sales and use stage of AI products. The pre-legislation of administrative procedures plays an essential role in the supervision of public services of administrative acts. Administrative licensing, registration, ordering and other procedures can ensure the development of AI technology and the testing, production, sales and use of products, in line with human ethics and technical safety. The pre-legislation of administrative procedures requires that criminal law should set up relevant charges separately, and take administrative licensing, registration, order and other procedures as the criminal law regulation buffer and risk prevention means in the early stage of the development of AI technology.

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熊波.我国人工智能刑法的行政前置性立法探析[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2023,(2):232-245. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. fx.2020.06.001

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  • 在线发布日期: 2023-05-08
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