改革开放以来,中国劳动力集聚呈现出明显的核心(东部)—边缘(中西部)空间分布特征。随着中国阔步迈进全面开放的新时代,高低技能劳动力的异质性集聚日益显现。党的二十大明确提出要推进高水平对外开放和深入实施人才强国战略,中国各大城市正在抢抓构建人才集聚新优势,异质性劳动力集聚势必呈现新局面。作者在新经济地理学理论框架下,利用人口普查和抽样调查数据匹配到城市的面板数据与城镇住户调查数据,首先,检验贸易开放影响异质性劳动力集聚,基准结果显示,贸易开放能够显著促进高、低技能劳动力集聚,但是对高技能劳动力集聚的影响更大,经内生性检验、样本选择偏误检验以及其他稳健性检验研究结论仍然成立。其次,检验贸易开放影响异质性劳动力集聚的时空差异发现,从不同地区看,贸易开放对异质性劳动力集聚的积极影响主要体现在东部和南方地区;从不同时期看,加入WTO后的贸易开放提升,对异质性劳动力集聚的积极影响增大,但2010年以来,对高技能劳动力集聚的影响持续增强,对低技能劳动力集聚的影响却呈现下降趋势。再次,检验贸易开放影响异质性劳动力集聚的中介作用,表明:一方面,贸易开放通过促进工资上涨,进而吸引高、低技能劳动力集聚;另一方面,贸易开放还拉动房价上涨,对高、低技能劳动力集聚产生先扬后抑的"倒U型"影响,即当房价较高时,房价攀升成为贸易开放影响异质性劳动力集聚的分散力。最后,拓展研究表明,促进技能溢价是贸易开放对高技能劳动力集聚影响较大的显著原因;同时,贸易开放又可强化高技能劳动力通过技能互补带动低技能劳动力集聚;尤其是在大城市或三线及以上城市,高技能劳动力更容易获得贸易开放引致的技能溢价,且贸易开放的技能互补提升效应也更明显。由此可见,要坚定不移推进高水平贸易开放,增强创新要素集聚力,东、中西城市的贸易开放要有所侧重、各具特色,打造开放梯度合理、优势互补的区域协调发展格局,充分发挥贸易开放的技能溢价与技能互补效应,激活异质性劳动力的循环累积集聚机制,打造合理有序的高、低技能劳动力共同集聚的空间布局。

Since the reform and opening-up policies began, the workers agglomeration in China has shown an obvious core (east)-periphery (central and western) spatial distribution characteristics. With China going into the new era of comprehensive opening-up, the heterogeneous agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers is increasingly apparent. At the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was proposed that "push forward further opening-up and implement the strategy of strengthening the country through talents". Major cities in China are striving to build new advantages in talent gathering, and heterogeneous labor agglomeration is bound to present a new situation. Under the theoretical framework of new economic geography, by using the population census data and sample survey data which are used to match the panel data of prefecture-level cities and micro-level data from "Urban Household Survey" in China, the authors investigate the impact of trade openness on heterogeneous workers' agglomeration and mechanism. 1) The benchmark regression results shows that the trade openness effectively promotes the agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers, but has a greater impact on the former, which conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. 2) The regression results of difference test between time and space shows that, from the perspective of different regions, the trade openness effectively promotes heterogeneous workers agglomeration is mainly in the eastern and southern; from the perspective of different periods, the trade openness after joining the WTO has increased the positive influence on heterogeneous workers agglomeration, while the influence on low-skilled workers' agglomeration has declined since 2010. 3) The impact mechanism test shows that, on the one hand, trade openness would attract high-and low-skilled workers gathering by boosting wages; On the other hand, by driving up the housing price, trade openness plays an "inverted U-shaped" influence on the agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers, that is, when the housing price is high, the house prices becomes the centrifugal forces that trade openness affects heterogeneous labor agglomeration. 4) The expansion analysis shows that, a significant reason for the greater impact of trade openness on high-skilled workers' agglomeration is skill premium; Meanwhile, trade openness also could strengthen the driving role of high-skilled workers on the low-skilled workers' agglomeration through skills complementarity; Especially in big cities or third-tier and above cities, high-skilled workers are more likely to obtain the skill premium from trade openness, and the skill complementary effect of trade openness is more obvious. Therefore, it is necessary to continue further trade openness and enhance the agglomeration of innovation factors. And the trade openness of eastern and midwest cities should be focused on their own characteristics, so as to create a coordinated regional development pattern with reasonable openness gradient and complementary advantages. In addition, we should give full play to the skills premium and complementary effect of trade openness, activate the circular accumulation and agglomeration mechanism of heterogeneous workers, and create a reasonable and orderly spatial distribution of high-and low-skilled workers' co-agglomeration.

F129.9;F241

国家自然科学基金项目"双向开放对边疆经济地理的作用机制研究"(71763002)、"北部湾城市成群结圈的文化动力机制研究"(721763002);广西自然科学基金项目"区域经济合作—分离—协调的文化动力机制研究"(2019GXNSFAA245096)