论对债权执行的边界——兼评《民事强制执行法(草案)》中的债权执行条款
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2021年度最高人民法院司法研究重大课题"新形势下深入推进审执分离问题研究"(ZGFYZDKT202113-01);2023年重庆市研究生科研创新项目"民事执行法典化背景下的收取诉讼研究"(CYB23165);2022年西南政法大学学生科研创新项目"一体化视域下债权执行制度研究"(2022XZXS-014)


On theboundary of garnishment:Also comment on garnishment provisions in the draft civil compulsory enforcement law
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    摘要:

    对债权执行边界的确定,关乎执行债务人责任财产的认定与第三人的利益保障,对于确保执行正当性具有重要意义。在我国民事强制执行法典编纂之际,如何界定债权执行客体的应然范围,是推进债权执行制度体系化建构的关键问题。债权执行边界的生成机理包括责任财产理论、执行标的有限原则以及利益平衡原理。依据责任财产理论,作为执行客体的债权须具备经济价值、独立性与可让与性,且该债权归属于执行债务人所有。基于维护公益与尊重人权的需要,对债权的执行应当遵循执行标的有限原则,不得强制执行实体法上禁止让与的债权与程序法上禁止执行的债权。而利益平衡原理则要求执行机关适度平衡多元主体之间的权益保护,避免对债务人和第三人造成过重的负担。在宏观上,应当将债权执行划分为“基本型”和“占有型”,并在此基础上对其客体形态分别予以重构。“基本型”用于实现给付金钱之执行名义,其执行客体应当涵盖非到期债权与非金钱债权。唯将来债权的扣押须受一定限制,应结合作为债权基础的法律关系、将来债权发生的可能性、主体的特定化予以斟酌。在继续性给付债权扣押效力范围的判断上,应当秉持债权基础关系的单一说,同时对立法草案的相关条文予以调整。“占有型”用于实现交付物之执行名义,其适用场域应限定为第三人对执行债务人负有交付义务的情形。若第三人属于当事人的继受人、为当事人或者继受人利益而占有标的物者,不得适用债权执行方法。较域外而言,由于我国对第三人采用径为执行方式,阻却“占有型”债权执行的事由亦呈现特殊性。

    Abstract:

    The boundary of garnishment is concerned about the identification of the debtor's liability property and protection of the third party, as well as is of great significance in ensuring the legitimacy of the enforcement. Under the background of codification of civil compulsory enforcement law, the definition of the scope of the object in garnishment is a key issue in promoting the systematic construction of garnishment. The jurisprudential basis for this issue consists of the theory of liability property, the principle of limited enforcement and the principle of benefit balance. According to the theory of liability property, the claim as object in garnishment must be of economic value, independence and transferability, and be owned by the debtor. In order to protect the public interest and respect the human rights, the principle of limited enforcement should be followed, and claims that are prohibited from being transferred under substantive law and claims that are prohibited from being enforced under procedural law should not be enforced. Meanwhile, the principle of benefit balance requires the enforcement agency to balance the interests among multiple subjects, so as to avoid excessive burden for the debtor and the third party. On the whole, the garnishment should be divided into basic type and possession type, and its object forms should be reconstructed on this basis. The former is used to realize monetary claims, the object of which includes undue claims and non-monetary claims. However, the attachment of future claims is subject to certain limitations, which should be considered in the light of the legal relationship underlying the claim, the likelihood of the future claim occurring, and the specificity of the legal subject. As for the continuing claims, its objective scope of attachment extends to claims based on the same legal relationship, and relevant provisions in draft should be amended. The latter is used to realize the claims for delivery of property, and it applies only where a third party owes an obligation of delivery to the debtor. The garnishment shall not be applied if the third party is a successor of the party or is in possession of the subject matter for the benefit of the party or the successor. Compared with foreign countries, the grounds for rejecting the execution of possession type are also special in China, as it is possible to enforce directly against a third party without obtaining a judgement against him.

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袁大川.论对债权执行的边界——兼评《民事强制执行法(草案)》中的债权执行条款[J].重庆大学学报社会科学版,2024,(1):220-231. DOI:10.11835/j. issn.1008-5831. fx.2023.08.002

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  • 在线发布日期: 2024-03-15
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