Evaluation is the key and difficulty to carry out the national science and technology reward. At present the national science and technology reward evaluation work has some insufficiencies, so it needs to perfect the national science and technology reward evaluation from the following aspects: enlarging resources of evaluating experts, expanding range of peer review, implementing reward after examination, explicating challenge system of expert, introducing evaluating intermediary, defining rights and duties of evaluating expert, and enhancing supervision of evaluating procedure.