Experiments on the features distribution of sediment phosphorus is carried out with sequential extraction method in a new artificial lake. In addition, parameters affecting the sediment phosphorus, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and light, are examined. The experimental results show that inorganic phosphorus is the most component in total phosphorus, while active phosphorus is between 12.0% and 15.1%. The mass concentration distribution of the active phosphorus in descending order is as follows: slow flow area, lake outlet, lake centre, lake entrance, stagnation zone. Also, organic phosphorus in total phosphorus is in the range of 3.4% to 8.5% and its mass concentration distribution in descending order is listed as follows: lake outlet, lake centre, stagnation zone, slow flow area, lake entrance. At the same time, sediment phosphorus affected by the environmental factors is firstly released, followed by adsorption; increasing temperature and pH is beneficial to the release of sediment phosphorus; at lower dissolved oxygen, the release of sediment phosphorus is largely improved; and the release of phosphorus in the absence of light is significantly higher than that in the presence of light.