Taking the aerogel glass residential building designed and constructed in Solar Decathlon China 2018 (SDC2018) as an example, this paper simulated the building in the design stage, and measured the indoor temperature and illumination after the building was built. The results show that the energy saving effect of aerogel glass was more significant than that of the wooden lattice envelope with 26.06% less energy consumption, but effective shading measures should be taken in summer. The indoor illumination of the aerogel glass room was greater than 300 lx, which met relevant design requirements. The improvement measures were put forward for the existing problems of this building, which was of great significance for the promotion and application of aerogel glass building.