Under the excitation of ship waves, a large displacement and acceleration response could be generated to the construction trestle, which will affect the construction operation, cause panic among workers, and even lead to an excessive deformation, thus laying potential safety risks. In this paper, using the construction trestle of a large bridge on Zhengwan high-speed railway as the experimental subject, the dynamic response and control analysis of construction trestle under ship waves excitation were examined. Firstly, the calculation of ship waves load simplified by linear wave theory was used. Then, the effect of water on structure frequency was investigated by additional mass method, and the restraining effect of water on steel pipe pile vibration was calculated by additional damping method. To study the dynamic response of steel pipe piles, the analysis of harmonic response was used to discuss the effect of two classes of ship waves, causing by small and medium-sized passenger ships or barges separately. The results show that the influence of water on the frequency of trestle steel pipe pile was great, while the effect of external damping on the dynamic response of steel pipe pile could be neglected. The mechanism of excessive displacement of the trestle caused by small and medium-sized passenger ships was resonance response, while the reason of excessive displacement of the trestle caused by barges was heavy load. To ensure the safety of trestle construction, it is suggested that the speed limit of passenger ships be 15 km/h to prevent resonance, and barges’ speed limit be 10 km/h to reduce the wave load.