To study the effect of unit cell shape and loading direction on the mechanical properties and buckling mode of honeycomb structures, different honeycomb structures were prepared by additive manufacturing technology, and static load tests and dynamic simulations were carried out. The results show that the stress curve of the honeycomb structure shows a four-stage change trend. The hexagonal honeycomb structure supported by the unit cell diagonally has the highest platform stress and total strain energy density. In addition, the collapse of the unit cell is mainly due to the shear deformation of the unit cell, and the quadrilateral honeycomb unit cell undergoes severe buckling instability during shear deformation. The instability mode of the overall honeycomb structure can be divided into two types: oblique and transverse initial shear bands. In the simulation of large-scale honeycomb structure, its anti-shock ability has been evaluated. The analysis shows that the energy absorption value of the structure can reach 10⁵ J, which meets the requirements of the energy absorption shock absorber. The findings can provide a theoretical foundation for the design of the hydraulic support anti-shock energy absorber.