This study proposes a numerical modeling method based on the cohesive zone model to investigate the mechanical response and fracture mechanism of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures. In the proposed model, cohesive elements are used to stimulate potential fracture surfaces and rebar-concrete interfaces. A constitutive model for SFRC fracture surfaces is developed by considering mixed-mode damage evolution, interfacial friction, and the fiber bridging effect. Additionally, a modified bond-slip constitutive model for the rebar-concrete interface is proposed, accounting for normal separation. To validate the proposed model, a series of four-point bending experiments on SFRC specimens are conducted. The simulation results closely align with experimental observation, confirming the model’s ability to accurately capture both mechanical response and fracture behavior. Parametric analysis reveals that inadequate fiber content or improper friction coefficients significantly reduce structural bearing capacity and ductility.