摘要
垃圾渗滤液污染物浓度高且生态风险大,其处理处置受到国家高度重视。基于大量文献分析,综述了中转站、焚烧厂、填埋场等各类垃圾渗滤液的产量及污染特性;结合当前固废处理政策展望了垃圾渗滤液处理技术及管理方面的发展。研究表明,随着“无废城市”建设,垃圾分类以及原生垃圾零填埋等政策的实施可从“量与质”双方面缓解渗滤液处理难题,未来中国垃圾渗滤液的主要处理对象是中老龄垃圾渗滤液。“预处理+生物处理+深度处理”的技术模式是处理渗滤液的有效手段。垃圾分类背景下,未来前处理阶段主要关注各工艺的局部优化;生物处理阶段,开发低碳源和无碳源脱氮工艺对增效降耗具有积极意义;深度处理阶段,关注非膜法全量化处理工艺可解决浓缩液问题并去除痕量有机物,有助于更全面地管控渗滤液污染风险。
随着中国经济的快速发展及居民生活质量的提升,城市生活垃圾产生、清运及处理量逐年递增。据报道,每吨城市生活垃圾在其转运及处理(如填埋、焚烧等)等生命周期过程中会产生0.05~0.2 t垃圾渗滤
因此,国家高度重视渗滤液处理工作,在《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》、《水污染防治行动计划》等政策中均要求做好垃圾渗滤液处理处置工作。科技部各大专项中,也高度重视渗滤液处理的技术攻关。在此背景下,掌握垃圾渗滤液特性以及分析未来渗滤液处理技术的发展显得尤为重要。鉴于此,本研究拟基于大样本统计,综述中国垃圾渗滤液的产量、污染特性及处理处置现状,并结合中国固废政策的发展,分析、评述及展望垃圾渗滤液处理领域的发展方向。
垃圾渗滤液主要源于城市生活垃圾转运及处理处置单元。其中,转运站渗滤液主要来自垃圾压缩、暂存降解等过程中产生的液体、车间地面冲洗水等,其产量约为转运垃圾量的10%~15
处理处置方面,目前焚烧是国内主导的垃圾处理方式,因生活垃圾中有高含量的湿垃圾(约60%
中转站和焚烧储坑中渗滤液是短期压缩或发酵产生的,而垃圾填埋过程产生的渗滤液,是垃圾压实后堆积在一起,并在漫长的厌氧降解中,逐步释放产生的。且除垃圾本身降解产生的液体外,填埋渗滤液中还包括从垃圾表面渗入的雨水以及场底渗入的地下水,在建设良好的卫生填埋场内,尤以前者为最。因此,垃圾含水率和降雨量都是影响填埋场渗滤液产量的重要因
总体而言,中国垃圾渗滤液产量远高于发达国家。根据《2019—2025年中国垃圾渗滤液处理行业运行态势与投资前景评估报告》的数据,2017年全国产量达7.68×1
值得注意的是,中国已自2018年起开始推行“无废城市”建设,其核心包括固体废物的源头减量、资源化利用以及优化末端处置,其中垃圾分类是源头减量的主要举措。上海实施垃圾分类后,84%的湿垃圾被有效从生活垃圾中分离出来,使得干垃圾含水率下降48.22%,热值达到8 190 kJ/kg,较分类前增长94.40
垃圾渗滤液有成分复杂、有机物含量高、营养元素失衡、水质变化范围大等特点。
类别 | 参数 | COD/ (mg∙ | BOD/ (mg∙ | 悬浮物(SS)/ (mg∙ | B/C | 氨氮(NH3—N)/ (mg∙ | 总氮(TN)/ (mg∙ | 碳氮比(C/N) | pH | 色度/倍 | 参考 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中转站渗滤液 | 均值 | 32 426.21 | 19 750.04 | 5 823.43 | 0.48 | 399.78 | 1 020.88 | 63.78 | 4.99 | 498.08 |
[ |
中位数 | 29 544.06 | 12 293.06 | 2 165.50 | 0.48 | 337.60 | 1 184.50 | 30.74 | 4.55 | 561.00 | ||
标准差 | 21 682.11 | 17 014.57 | 6 620.93 | 0.21 | 357.99 | 502.30 | 59.92 | 1.11 | 333.78 | ||
焚烧厂渗滤液 | 均值 | 49 048.37 | 27 831.23 | 7 701.48 | 0.54 | 1 477.95 | 2 475.63 | 23.85 | 6.05 | 1 655.29 |
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中位数 | 52 300.00 | 29 516.00 | 6 000.00 | 0.53 | 1 505.98 | 1 928.50 | 19.93 | 6.00 | 752.50 | ||
标准差 | 16 939.23 | 8 865.30 | 6 870.23 | 0.18 | 592.65 | 2 050.78 | 19.61 | 0.88 | 2 456.61 | ||
低龄渗滤液 | 均值 | 11 556.20 | 5 947.15 | 742.70 | 0.48 | 1 305.64 | 1 792.59 | 7.40 | 7.28 |
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中位数 | 10 929.00 | 5 365.00 | 669.38 | 0.47 | 1 341.00 | 1 709.00 | 5.37 | 7.18 | |||
标准差 | 7 653.98 | 4 516.37 | 437.76 | 0.08 | 722.47 | 712.87 | 4.32 | 0.72 | |||
中龄渗滤液 | 均值 | 5 345.43 | 2 717.50 | 535.00 | 0.41 | 1 484.86 | 1 600.00 | 1.75 | 8.07 | 429.33 |
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中位数 | 3 750.00 | 3 215.00 | 275.00 | 0.39 | 1 337.00 | 1 600.00 | 1.93 | 8.15 | 568.00 | ||
标准差 | 3 736.30 | 1 444.76 | 385.51 | 0.17 | 655.31 | 408.25 | 0.92 | 0.37 | 219.12 | ||
老龄渗滤液 | 均值 | 3 756.84 | 394.19 | 219.25 | 0.14 | 1 520.24 | 1 525.98 | 0.23 | 8.17 | 1 598.87 |
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中位数 | 3 250.00 | 375.00 | 168.50 | 0.14 | 1 400.00 | 1 255.45 | 0.16 | 8.15 | 1 399.25 | ||
标准差 | 2 075.09 | 251.35 | 173.12 | 0.08 | 627.80 | 422.41 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 1 192.94 |
注: 低、中、老龄渗滤液分别指填埋龄在0~5,5~10,10a以上的渗滤液,C/N为BOD/TN。
从
含氮量高且C/N低是渗滤液的另一大特性。各类渗滤液的氨氮、总氮含量都远高于生活污水,尤其是填埋场老龄渗滤液,氨氮和总氮含量达到1 500 mg/L以上(
除了最主要的这2类污染物外,
除上述常规污染物外,渗滤液中还含有重金属及痕量有机物。重金属方面,常见类别有Hg(0.002 5~0.03 mg/L)、Pb(0.03~8.54 mg/L)、Cr(0.004~2.37 mg/L)、Cd(0.008 2~0.56 mg/L)、Cu、Zn、As(0.007~0.176 8 mg/L)和N
鉴于垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度的有机废水,且含有有毒重金属和各种高危痕量有机物,其处理处置受到国家广泛关注。目前工程中往往采用“前处理+生物处理+深度处理”的组合工艺来处理垃圾渗滤液。其中,前处理一般采用物化处理,包括混凝法、吹脱法、沉淀法、吸附法等,其主要目的在于降低SS浓度,去除部分重金属离子;生物处理有好氧及厌氧、好氧组合等多种形式,常规工艺包括上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、上流式污泥床过滤器(UBF)、膜生物反应器(MBR)、
处理对象 | 厂名 | 处理工艺 | 运行规模/ ( | 成本/ (元∙ | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中龄填埋场渗滤液 | 溧阳填埋场 | 调节池+均质池+MBR(两级A/O)+纳滤(NF)+反渗透(RO) | 200 | 27.69 |
[ |
山东省某县城生活垃圾填埋场 | 调节池+活性砂预处理+机械压缩蒸发(MVC)+NF | 80 |
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某生活垃圾填埋场(中后期) | 调节池+混凝沉淀+氨氮吹脱+两级A/O-MBR+NF+RO | 350 | 52.74 |
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老龄填埋场渗滤液 | 沈阳市老虎冲生活垃圾卫生填埋场 | 调节池+均质池+MBR(两级A/O+超滤)+NF+RO | 1 100 | 75.00 |
[ |
安岳县垃圾填埋场(应急工程) | 调节池+篮式过滤器+砂滤器+芯式过滤器+两级碟管式反渗透(DTRO)+脱气塔 | 200 | 41.82 |
[ | |
广东省某垃圾填埋场 | 调节池+反应沉淀池+高效厌氧反应罐+两级A/O+Fenton+曝气生物滤池(BAF) | 100 | 23.20 |
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揭阳市东径外草地生活垃圾填埋场 | 集水调节池+UASB+MBR+RO+机械压缩洁净蒸发(MVPC) | 190 | 42.64 |
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东兴市卫生填埋场 | 调节池+中温厌氧反应器+MBR(一级A/O+微滤)+NF/RO+活性炭过滤器 | 200 |
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重庆某垃圾填埋场 | 均衡罐+内置式MBR+Fenton+BAF | 180 |
[ |
中老龄垃圾渗滤液SS浓度不高,所以
鉴于中老龄尤其是老龄渗滤液可生化性极差,有些项目还会舍弃生物处理,预处理后直接接入膜处理、MVC蒸发等处理系统,此时就需要加入较为复杂的前处理流程,如过滤器、砂滤器等,以减少膜清洗频率、延长寿
生物处理阶段,考虑到老龄渗滤液的有机物中难降解有机物较多,而厌氧处理对难降解有机物的去除效果较好,部分工程会选择将老龄渗滤液先经过厌氧处理,提高部分可生化性后再进行好氧处理。最常用的厌氧处理工艺为UASB和UBF,其中UASB污泥浓度高,容积负荷率高,结构简单、运行方便、无需设污泥回流装置,容积负荷可达到10 kg COD/(
值得注意的是,现有老龄垃圾渗滤液处理工程中常用年轻垃圾渗滤液和焚烧厂渗滤液调节C/N以便进行生物处理,然而垃圾分类制度的逐步推广将导致这两类渗滤液产量下降,为规避外加碳源引起的高成本,一方面可寻找新的高碳废水来联合处理,如餐厨垃圾厌氧消化场沼液可能将是一个合适的选择。另一方面,也应更多的关注厌氧氨氧化、短程硝化反硝化等低碳源甚至无碳源处理工
现有处理工艺大部分以好氧生物处理为主体,尽管该类技术对COD、氨氮分别有近80%和90%的去除
具体而言,膜工艺主要包括NF、RO等,由于追求浓缩液的减量化,近年来DTRO也有较广泛的应用。与DTRO相比,NF和RO成本低,在焚烧厂广为采用,中国已建成的300多座渗滤液处理厂中,结合MBR和NF进行处理的工艺约占90
过去填埋场浓缩液往往采用回灌处理,管理者期望通过浓缩液回灌调整堆体含水率,并充分利用堆体中微生物的降解及垃圾的截留作用实现污染物减量。然而,实践表明垃圾大孔隙流的特性使得灌入堆体的水很快会再次释放出来,无法起到污染减量的目的,且回灌会使渗滤液含盐量、电导率、难降解有机物等累积,不仅影响其生化处理系统活性污泥的增长,还会影响后续深度处理的膜通量和运行压力,降低处理效
浓缩液处理处置方法 | 原理 | 成本 | 优点 | 缺点 | 参考文献 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
浸没式燃烧蒸发(SCE)工艺 | 将沼气燃烧后产生的高温烟气通入浓缩液中,气液传质将烟气中的热量传递给液体,使其受热蒸发 |
3.21~ 10 元/t | 避免结垢结晶、设备腐蚀等问题;效率高;浓缩倍数高,产水率高达98% | 蒸发过后的残留污泥问题;氨氮去除率较差 |
[ | |
MVC | 通过机器压缩蒸汽提供热能,使水沸腾汽化,并不断除去汽化的水蒸气,水从渗滤液中蒸出,污染物保留在浓缩液中 |
128.6~ 141.17 元/t | 流程简单、系统稳定 | 设备腐蚀严重、主材需要耐腐蚀,所以价格昂贵;蒸发过后的残留污泥问题 |
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MVC+离子交换(DI) | 在MVC蒸发的基础上加入离子交换装置,去除浓缩液中的盐离子 |
27~ 35 元/t | 适合高盐环境;产水率90~98%;工艺简单、可移动;离子交换对氨氮也有很好的去除效果,且回收了铵盐 | 存在结垢问题降低传热效率;蒸发过后的残留污泥问题 |
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负压蒸发法 | 利用了水在负压条件下沸点降低的特性进行蒸发 | 有效避免氯离子对金属设备的腐蚀 | 蒸发过后的残留污泥问题 |
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碟管式纳滤(DTNF)+高压级碟管式反渗透(HPRO)+机械式蒸汽再压缩(MVR) | 通过DTNF将低价与高价盐离子分离;在通过HPRO进一步减量并提高物料浓度,最后进入MVR蒸发结晶 | 88 元/t | 可有效缓冲进水负荷冲击;避免蒸发设备结垢;利用HPRO减量,节省蒸发成本 | 有污泥产生 |
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回喷焚烧 | 直接喷入焚烧炉进行高温氧化处理 | 污染物去除彻底;减量效果好;处理速度快 | 炉膛温度低于850 ℃时,存在环保不达标的风险;导致二噁英产生;存在设备腐蚀问题;影响垃圾热值 |
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高级氧化 | 芬顿 |
F | 适用范围广;可以显著提高污染物的可生化性;能将污染物彻底矿化,降解效率高; |
使用试剂量大,成本高;F |
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臭氧氧化 | 特定条件下,激发O3产生的·OH,以及O3本身具有强氧化性降解有机物 | 能将难降解有机物转化为易降解有机物,效果好、操作简便 | 臭氧利用效率低;工艺持续时间长;能耗较高,处理成本过高,不易实现大规模处理 |
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絮凝+臭氧氧化 | 通过加入絮凝剂去除部分有机物;再通过臭氧氧化彻底降解有机物 | 可有效去除大分子量有机物和低分子量耐混凝物质;提高可生化性,方便后续生物处理 | 能耗较大 |
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高级氧化技术是渗滤液全量化处理技术的典型代表。高级氧化技术是利用反应产生的强氧化自由基无选择性地氧化难降解有机物为小分子有机物甚至CO2的技术,有臭氧氧化法、芬顿氧化法、过硫酸盐氧化法、光催化氧化法、湿式氧化法和超声波氧化法等类别。该技术不仅对常规的难降解有机物有去除效果,可以实现85%以上的COD去除率,提高可生化
1) 垃圾渗滤液产量大、成分复杂且污染物浓度极高。随着“无废城市”建设的推广普及,可逐步降低渗滤液产量及其中各类污染物的浓度,突破渗滤液处理“量与质”上的困境。
2) “无废城市”建设,以及该框架下垃圾分类政策的实施,将会使中国干垃圾含水率逐渐下降,当垃圾含水率低于40%,中转站及焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液的产生量可以忽略;“原生垃圾零填埋”等政策又将杜绝填埋场低龄渗滤液的产生,因此填埋场中老龄垃圾渗滤液将是未来渗滤液处理领域的主要处理对象。
3) “前处理+生物处理+深度处理”是现阶段渗滤液处理的主要工艺,前处理用于去除SS及部分重金属离子;生物处理用于去除有机物和NH3-N;深度处理技术作为生物处理出水的保障,进一步降低出水中COD、NH3—N、金属离子的浓度和色度。
4) 未来处理工艺的发展方面,针对各类技术进行提质增效是必要的。其中,生物处理应重点关注短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等低碳节能技术的发展;深度处理应将重心放在以高级氧化为代表的非膜法全量化处理工艺上,这不仅可解决浓缩液问题,还能彻底去除痕量有机物,降低其中痕量高危及尚未知风险物带来的环境及健康风险。
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