摘要
在侵略性介质中,金属如碳钢、铜、铝等的腐蚀不可避免并可能造成严重后果,因此防护金属腐蚀非常必要且具有重要意义。与化学合成的有机缓蚀剂相比较,植物提取物基缓蚀剂具有许多独特优点,例如高效率、低成本、可再生与可持续,且符合低碳与绿色化工要求,有利于实现碳达峰与碳中和目标,得到人们极大关注。由于含有许多杂原子基团,植物提取物易与金属发生物理或化学作用形成吸附膜,进而阻碍侵略性物种与金属表面的直接接触,从而阻滞或抑制金属表面的电化学反应,实现在多种侵略性介质中对金属的腐蚀防护,阻止金属溶解。本文重点综述了近二十年植物提取物作为在侵略性介质中抗金属腐蚀材料的研究进展,特别是关于抑制钢腐蚀的研究进展,探讨了其作为有机绿色缓蚀剂的科学基础与应用潜能,并展望了本领域未来研究重点与研究目标,为人们利用探索天然产物基的有机缓蚀剂提供一定指导作用。
金属及其合金,如碳钢、铜、铝等在人类文明发展历史起到重要作用,特别在现代工业、农业、军事、建筑与先进机器设备中居于核心地位。在侵略性介质应用过程中,金属及其合金极易受到离子攻击而造成溶解,发生金属腐蚀, 由此造成的工程灾害总数超过40
采取适当保护策略能够减慢金属腐蚀速度,抑制、延缓、甚至完全阻止阳极或阴极反
通常有机缓蚀分子含有极性官能团如‒OH、‒COOC2H5、‒COOH、‒C=O、‒NH2、杂环与离域的π电子的不饱和共价键等,这些高电子密度杂原子作为吸附中心,使得有机分子与金属之间产生强烈相互作用,从而在金属表面形成有机吸附膜以阻断电化学反应的进
有机缓蚀分子能够基于化学合成进行工业水平上制备,具有极大的应用潜能。另一方面,低碳与绿色化工要求发展低成本、低毒或无毒、环境友好型的金属缓蚀
在本文中,重点分析讨论了近年来利用植物提取物作为环境友好的有机缓蚀剂在侵略性介质中的防护金属腐蚀研究,特别是抑制钢的腐蚀研究,比较了缓蚀效率与可能的缓蚀机制,并提出了目前的研究难点,展望了未来相关研究重点和方向,旨在为工业上有可能大规模利用植物提取物基有机缓蚀剂提供一定的指导作用。
有机缓蚀剂是指在腐蚀性介质中能够减少或防止金属与介质反应的物质,它通过与金属离子间的络合作用吸附在金属表面上,从而具备降低侵略性物种在金属表面的扩散速率,增加金属表面电阻等作用。有机缓蚀剂在金属/溶液界面上的吸附机理可能包括一步或多步过程,如
, | (1) |
。 | (2) |
有机缓蚀剂在金属表面吸附能力决定其缓蚀性能。一般认为,在侵略性溶液中,植物提取物基缓蚀剂在金属表面的吸附依赖于金属性质和电荷、吸附模式、有机缓蚀剂分子化学结构和电子特性、温度、空间效应、腐蚀性介质
不同的吸附等温线如Langmuir、Temkin、Frumkin、Freundlich、Flory-Hugginsand和Bockris-Swinkels可用来分析吸附机制,通常植物提取物作为缓蚀剂主要遵循Langmuir吸附等温
物理吸附通常由于有机分子的带电中心与金属表面之间的静电相互作用,导致分子与分子之间以及分子与金属表面的偶极子存在强非共价键作用力,如范德华力、氢键、π‒π相互作用等;而化学吸附是指电子从有机缓蚀剂转移到金属表面的过程,在金属和缓蚀剂之间形成了强烈的相互作用,其成键强度远远大于物理吸附;吸附模拟如

图1 有机缓蚀剂在金属表面吸附示意图
Fig. 1 Illustration of adsorption of organic corrosion inhibitor on metal surface
植物提取物在金属表面表现出化学吸附的有指甲花提取

图2 低碳钢在含有指甲花叶提取物的0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中化学吸附示意
Fig. 2 Chemisorption illustration of mild steel in 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution including Henna leaves extrac
植物提取物在金属表面发生物理吸附的有微藻提取

图3 低碳钢在含有微藻提取物的1 mol/L HCl溶液中物理吸附示意
Fig. 3 Physisorption illustration of mild steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution including microalgae extrac
部分提取物缓蚀剂属于混合型缓蚀剂(基于吸附机制

图4 低碳钢在含有香叶提取物的1 mol/L HCl溶液中混合吸附示意
Fig. 4 Mixed adsorption of mild steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution including Aloysia citrodora leaves extrac
综上,可以通过植物提取物基缓蚀剂分子吸附在金属底物的活性位点上,减少阳极金属溶解和阴极氢演化反应来抑制电化学反
植物提取物是指使用物理萃取或提取法、化学试剂浸泡法和生物发酵法处理植物性原料的全株或部分,从而得到有效成分结构未发生改变的液体或固体物质;它包括有黄酮、多酚、萜类等几百种,具有一定的极性,可溶于许多有机溶剂中。而对植物材料中生物活性化合物的定性和定量研究主要为对其进行适当的提取、分离及纯化。
常用的植物提取工艺有传统的水提法、醇提法,此类方法具有操作简单且成本低的常见优点。对水提法而言,它安全性高且可以最大程度保护多糖结
在克服传统提取方法的这些局限性同时,一系列新的高效的提取工艺诞生,如微波辅助萃取、超声辅助提取、超临界CO2萃取、酶解法等,这些方法也各有所长。微波辅助萃取能大大节省提取时间和能量,最大限度地提高提取物的回收率,提高提取物的供电子能力,适用于大样本序列的快速提
成功提取粗提物后,提取物的分离、纯化也是获取有效成分的关键。随着分离、纯化技术的不断发展,常用于植物有效组分的分离纯化新技术有:膜分离、吸附法、高速逆流色谱等。
膜分离通常在常温下操作,是分离热敏性物质的一种有效的方法。目前膜分离技术已被广泛应用于植物有效成分如生物碱、黄酮、酚酸类、皂苷类、萜类、甙类、多糖、植物色素的分
吸附法主要利用具有吸附性能的材料对目的产物进行吸附及洗脱,从而得到纯度较高的分离物。目前为止,常见的吸附剂有大孔树脂、分子印迹、炭材料、PVPP、介孔二氧化硅
高速逆流色谱(HSCCC)是一种现代色谱分离和制备技术,由于其持续的高效率、高回收率和制备大量化合物的能力,HSCCC可以直接应用于粗提取物,由其分离得到的化合物只依赖于不同的溶解度属性,不会因为了避免短缺等样品损失而造成不可逆吸附和分析物变性而引起表面化学反
现有的一些方法仍然存在一定的应用缺陷及缺乏足够的实验数据;随着现代工业生产对提取植物活性化合物的需求不断增长以及富含这些活性化合物的商品的经济意义日益增加,可能会使得研究者们在未来找到更精良更高效的植物提取物有效成分精确筛选方法。
电化学分析用来测试植物提取物的缓蚀性能,主要基于动电位极化法(potentiodynamic polarization, PDP)和电化学阻抗谱法(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS)。
PDP是一种通过电化学测量绿色植物提取物缓蚀剂效率、腐蚀速率和分析腐蚀-缓蚀机理的方法,以Tafel图表示出来。这种方法能对金属的腐蚀电位()、腐蚀电流()、Tafel阳极和阴极斜率(和)等参数进行准确测量,进而对缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能进行评
通过分析阴极和阳极Tafel曲线变化趋势,可以推测植物提取物作为缓蚀剂是如何影响阳极或阴极反应,即阳极抑制还是阴极抑制,或者两者混合,由此暗示缓蚀剂是阴极还是阳极缓蚀剂。

图5 低碳钢样品在含有不同浓度的紫叶提取物1 mol/L HCl介质中的电位动力学极化
Fig. 5 Potentiodynamic polarization diagrams for the mild steel samples in 1 mol/L HCl media including different concentrations of Ziziphora leaves extrac
交流阻抗法(EIS)也是一种被广泛使用的电化学研究方法。交流阻抗测试中的基本等效电路如

图6 交流阻抗测试中的基本等效电路
Fig. 6 The equivalent circuit of EIS test
EIS的阻抗参数包括Rp、Cdl和IE%可以通过等效电路从Nyquist图中获得。从EIS曲线可以推测电荷转移电阻和双电层电容对金属腐蚀-缓蚀的影响作用及阴极和阳极反应是否依赖于电荷转移电阻和双电层,因此可以进一步推测缓蚀机制。如对3.5% NaCl空白溶液和含有豆蔻提取物3.5% NaCl溶液中进行了303 K下的EIS测

图7 在303 K下,低碳钢电极在含有250 mg/L豆蔻提取物的3.5%氯化钠中的Nyquist
Fig. 7 The Nyquist plot for mild steel immersed in 3.5% of NaCl in the absence and presence of 250 mg/L of E. cardamomum at 303
盐酸及硫酸溶液是酸洗过程中最常用的酸溶液之一,已被广泛用于不同酸洗工艺中金属和合金清洗的防垢
结果发现这些植物提取物抑制金属腐蚀与所使用的金属、缓蚀剂浓度、酸(类型、浓度、温度)等有关,尤其与提取物的化学组成即吸附活性中心有重要依赖关系。
白茶提取物可作为低碳钢在1 mol/L HCl溶液中的缓蚀
类似例子还有:含有芳香和氧官能团的活性成分芒果叶片提取
近年来所研究的大多数植物提取物中主要吸附成分含O的研究居多。如三聚白藻提取物中抗氧化黄酮和多酚化合

图8 三聚白藻提取物主要缓蚀成分的化学结
Fig. 8 Chemical structures of the main anti-corrosion components of Atriplex leucoclada extrac

图9 紫檀叶片主要缓蚀成分的化学结
Fig. 9 Chemical structures of the main anti-corrosion components of acquire Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam leave


图10 铜样品在303 K下不同介质中浸泡10 h后的形
Fig. 10 Morphology of copper samples immersed in different media at 303 K for 10
藜麦种子提取物能够抑制碳钢被HCl溶液侵

图11 藜麦籽提取物在金属表面的吸附模
Fig. 11 Adsorption model of quinoa seed extract on metal surface
强玉

图12 银杏叶提取物主要化学组分的分子结
Fig. 12 Chemical structures of main chemical constituents of Ginkgo biloba leave extrac

图13 298 K 时X70钢在含200 mg/L银杏叶提取剂的1 mol/L盐酸溶液中的零电荷电势
Fig. 13 Plots of Cdl vs. applied potential of X70 steel in 1 mol/L HCl containing 200 mg/L ginkgo biloba extract at 298
与此类似,很多植物提取物基缓蚀剂是以O原子为主要吸附位点,如石竹叶提取
在目前对植物提取物的研究中,以S、P等杂原子为主要吸附成分的提取物较为少见。但有研究已经证实,在分子结构上同时具有N和S的化合物与仅含N或S的化合物相比具有更好的抗腐蚀性质,而且含S化合物一般具有较优秀的缓蚀能力,通常认为S提高电子供体能力并产生较强的吸附作

图14 烟酰胺衍生物分子结
Fig. 14 Molecular structures of nicotinamide derivative
植物提取物基有机缓蚀剂具有一个普遍的缺点,在低浓度下不易实现高的缓蚀效率;特别是在环境温度和酸介质浓度增加后缓蚀效率会急剧下降,严重制约了其大规模应用。将植物缓蚀剂复配是提高其缓蚀性能的一个有效策略,如将植物提取物与卤素阴离子、其他阴离子或与金属阳离子之间发生协同反应,此法可以减少缓蚀剂使用量,并使缓蚀剂应用环境多样化。
研究发现稀土铈(IV)离子对香兰素(香荚兰的种子提取物)在1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中冷轧钢(CRS)具有协同缓蚀作
卤化物作为复配阴离子应用于提高绿色植物基的缓蚀效率。研究认为,卤化物阴离子优先吸附在金属表面,并通过在金属表面和缓蚀剂的正端之间形成中间桥来提高缓蚀效
已有报道一些植物提取物和卤化物之间的协同作用,如研究了在枫叶提取物中添加碘化钾(KI)作为HCl溶液中碳钢的缓

图15 KI对1 mol/L盐酸溶液中钢表面缓蚀剂吸附机理的影响示意
Fig. 15 Schematic representation of the effect of KI on the inhibitor adsorption mechanism of the steel surface in 1 mol/L HCl solutio
此外,添加KI可协同提高椰子壳提取物作为0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中低碳钢缓蚀剂的缓蚀性
其次,还有将植物提取物与纳米材料协同发挥缓蚀作用。Ituen 等利用核桃壳合成了一种用来处理石油废水的新型纳米级生物基纳米复合材料-核桃壳提取物-银纳米颗粒(WHE-AgNPs
相对不常见的酸性介质中的腐蚀,有草酸、硝酸等。有研究者利用橄榄叶提取物作为10%磺胺酸(NH2SO3H)溶液中碳钢的缓蚀剂缓解碳钢腐
许多盐类介质中金属缓蚀也有报道。苦叶斑鸠菊提取物对3.5% NaCl溶液中混凝土中碳钢腐
由

图16 金属及合金腐蚀介质和植物提取物研究介质占比
Fig. 16 Corrosion media to metal and its alloy, and proportions of plant extract research medium
植物提取物具有易获得、成本低、对环境友好、可再生等优点,并含有极性官能团如‒OH、‒CH3、‒COOH、‒OCH3、‒COOC2H5、‒NH2、杂环和共轭键等作为活性吸附中心,与金属发生相互作用,在金属表面形成吸附保护膜,为它们成为广泛应用的绿色缓蚀剂提供可能。
另一方面,植物提取物作为有机缓蚀剂,与化学合成的有机缓蚀剂比较,仍然面临几个重要的问题:1)通常植物提取物是粗提物,因此在与金属发生作用过程中,提取物中多个组分可能存在过度竞争,使得无论物理相互作用或是化学相互作用都会受到影响,所以在金属表面形成的吸附层的质量难以达到理想状态,在较低浓度下的缓蚀效率无法得到最优;2)由于多种组分的存在,使得在分子尺度上理解和构建植物提取物的化学结构与缓蚀效率之间的构效关系难以实现。因此,选择何种植物提取物作为缓蚀剂很难得到理论上深入指导,存在着很大盲目性,不得不依靠试错策略;3)由于植物生长易受到环境、温度等各种因素影响,植物提取物的缓蚀性能的重复性需要提高。
因此,针对植物提取物基缓蚀剂面临的这些问题,可能未来相关几个方面研究需要得到重视:1)精细提取植物中的主要成分,特别是主要组分的化学结构确定成为必须;2)基于植物提取物的不同组分的缓蚀作用,使得人们在不同腐蚀介质和金属基质方面实现有效的金属抗腐蚀成为可能;3)在实验研究和分子模拟上建立系统的分子结构-缓蚀性能之间的构效关系,为确定吸附机制和金属腐蚀-缓蚀机制成为可能,有望指导人们选择何种植物提取物作为高效有机缓蚀剂;4)某些含量较少的但是携带多个杂环或者不饱和键或者芳香环的单一组分要给予关注,有可能使得我们发现高效环境友好的新型缓蚀剂;5)植物提取物的主要组分的简便化学改性值得关注与研究,有可能为发展新的绿色缓蚀剂开辟路径;6)植物提取物作为有机缓蚀剂的同时,其化学结构特点可以尝试进行与药物之间的偶联,有可能实现对金属的生物抗污作用;7)将植物提取物与其他化合物进行缓蚀协同研究,可能使其在较低的浓度下实现高的缓蚀效率。
基于绿色化工和绿色环境工程要求,植物提取物由于其生物降解、易于获得、廉价、无毒、可再生和可持续性,作为有机缓蚀剂具有极大优势。综合所有研究来看,在该领域的未来研究可以在更广泛的循环经济背景的方向上展开,建议增加对植物提取物及其生物质废物的研究数量,且可以适当降低缓蚀剂的价格和运营成本,在工业规模上增加其产量。最后,尽管目前由于分子提纯与鉴定上存在挑战,使得人们在原子-分子水平上理解植物提取物基作为有机缓蚀剂存在较大困难,并且难于实现在低浓度下的高缓蚀性能;但相信随着植物提取的精细化、明确化与工业化水平的发展,使得大规模应用植物提取物作为高效环境友好的有机缓蚀剂成为可能。
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