According to the general policy of postgraduate education reform in China, this paper analyzes the current situation of doctoral cultivation and degree granting in universities under the background of "double first-class" construction. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional education and evaluation methods, this paper clarifies the reform ideas of paying attention to the process supervision and paying attention to the diversification of evaluation methods. In order to improve the reform of doctoral candidates' innovation achievement evaluation system, the paper puts forward a series of measures, such as building a first class doctoral teaching staff and improving the tutor post management system, establishing the supervision mechanism of doctoral thesis quality, and formulating corresponding innovation achievement evaluation scheme according to the characteristics of different universities and disciplines. The relevant reform measures can provide references for the cultivation and degree granting of doctoral candidates in universities.