The requirements of bridge construction safety and quality on construction technology are getting higher and higher, and the development of bridge construction needs more technical talents engaged in bridge construction. Bridge construction is one of the core courses in the bridge engineering direction for undergraduate civil engineering. However, in the teaching process, it is faced with such problems as wide coverage of course content, scattered knowledge points, single teaching methods and weak practices, which can easily lead to poor teaching effect and depressing students’ enthusiasm in learning professional courses. In view of the corresponding problems, the teaching improvements are discussed on the optimization of the curriculum knowledge system, the utilization of the construction site multimedia resources, and the introduction of the site construction information system and the virtual simulation platform. The corresponding teaching exploration effect is verified based on the curriculum design and examination of the bridge support construction part of the course. The results show that students’ interest can be stimulated by combing the main knowledge points, highlighting the teaching key points and supplementing the new technology on site. Through on-site pictures selecting, knowledge points explaining by engineering animation, and construction site videos and other information materials introducing, the key points of the course content are strengthened. Course learning and practice design through MOOC and virtual simulation experiment platform effectively improve the teaching effect. The analysis of the course objectives achievement degree of the bridge support construction course indicates that the students have expanded their knowledge and vision, the teaching effect has reached the expected goal, and the relevant teaching methods have been verified, which provides a reference for the optimization and improvement of similar courses.