The joint construction of schools and enterprises is a normalized path for the reform and development of new engineering education today, which is also an important content and inevitable choice for establishing and improving the new engineering curriculum system. Due to the insufficient depth of cooperation between schools and enterprises at present, a comprehensive and systematic talent cultivation system is in great need to be formed, which is related to the current employment problem of college students. Through conducting a questionnaire on employment issues among engineering college students, we find that there are problems in the current cooperation chain between schools and enterprises in new engineering major, such as mismatched development between supply and demand, weak integration of learning and application, and insufficient practical training. Based on the characteristics of new engineering curriculum and the close integration of theory and practice, this study proposes the development strategy and path design of new engineering curriculum system under the guidance of school-enterprise cooperation. A dual teaching mode that combines classroom teaching in universities and practical teaching in enterprises is proposed. Through reforms in curriculum teaching design, practical application forms, and skill assessment and evaluation, the proposed mode strengthens the integration and sharing of educational resources through the cooperation between schools and enterprises. The emphasis has been placed on improving students’ ability to closely integrate theoretical learning with engineering practice. The new curriculum enforces engineering cognition and practice ability evaluation, which can cultivate engineering skilled talents who can keep pace with the times and adapt to the current industry needs.