With the rapid construction and development of underground space engineering in higher education in China, special strategic requirements are put forward for the training of urban underground space engineering talents. There are some deficiencies in the content and methods of the traditional soil mechanics teaching, which cannot fully meet the higher requirements of the characteristics of urban underground space engineering specialty and practical engineering applications. Therefore, based on the characteristics and development prospect of urban underground space engineering, the main problems of soil mechanics teaching are analyzed in this present paper firstly. Then, the teaching content, teaching methods, curriculum ideological and political aspects of the teaching of soil mechanics are explored and analyzed. Accordingly, a more adaptable curriculum teaching system is proposed, and specific suggestions are put forward to improve the teaching quality.