Abstract:With the advancement of social technology and the deepening of market economy, consumption flow has shown its advantages in reflecting the degree of regional economic integration. Based on the China UnionPay's intercity consumption flow data in 2018, this paper applies Head-Mayer border effect model to measure and evaluate the degree of regional economic integration of the Yangtze River Delta City Group. The empirical results show that: 1)The unified market in the Yangtze River Delta region has not yet been fully formed. Both urban and inter-provincial boundaries have significant barrier effect on off-site consumption. 2)The inter-provincial boundary effect shows heterogeneity, in which the boundary between Shanghai and the other three provinces has a relatively weak impact on the consumption flow, while the market segmentation between Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces is more obvious. 3) The degree of border effect varies from city to city in the Yangtze River Delta. The intensity of the urban boundary effect in Shanghai is 1.05. The border effect of the cities in Jiangsu Province is between 3.06 and 5.51, the border effect of the cities in Zhejiang Province is between 3.13 and 6.24, and the border effect of the cities in Anhui Province, which is the most intense, ranges from 3.85 to 6.58. Based on the current situation of regional economic integration in the Yangtze River Delta, the following suggestions are put forward: first of all, the role of regional economic coordination organizations in promoting regional economic development draws our attention. Secondly, we should continue to deepen the reform of removing the artificial obstacles that affect regional economic development and further reduce the obstacles and costs of economic cooperation. Lastly, we need actively learn from the experience of international regional cooperation to promote the development of the Yangtze River Delta.

Abstract:Taking the A-share non-financial listed companies from 2008 to 2015 as a sample, the paper examines the impact of government subsidies on the financialization of enterprises based on the perspective of financing constraints, then analyzes the impact of local economic fluctuations on the relationship between government subsidies and corporate financialization. The paper finds that government subsidy reduces the degree of financialization of enterprises, and this effect is stronger in enterprises in low-marketization areas than in high-marketization areas. At the same time, it is also found that with the increase of local economic fluctuations, the difficulty of achieving local government appeals is more serious, then the negative influence of government subsidy on the financialization of enterprises is weakened. However, this phenomenon exists only in enterprises in low-marketization areas, but not in the high-marketization areas. In addition, the paper further illustrates the robustness of the research conclusions based on a series of tests such as instrumental variable method, cluster analysis and variable substitution. While expanding and enriching the research perspective of government subsidy and corporate financialization, the paper not only inputs the government into the theoretical framework of industrial financialization by using government subsidy as a carrier, but also explains the inherent logic of industrial financialization from the perspective of financing constraints. The conclusions of the paper are of great reference significance to the government's policy of "virtual to reality", "development of high quality" and "decreasing the leverage" the entity enterprises.

Abstract:This paper firstly puts forward the relationship hypothesis between the geographical agglomeration, urban scale and haze pollution based on urban economic theory. Then, the surface concentration of PM2.5 is employed to measure the haze pollution, and China industry business performance data is used to calculate the manufacturing geographical agglomeration from the perspectives which including output, employment and capital. The dynamic impacts from geographical agglomeration and urban scale on haze pollution are investigated by a variety of regression estimations. The results show that the influence from geographical agglomeration on PM2.5 concentration shows significant characteristics of inverted U-shaped relationship. However, most cities of China are still at the stage that the haze pollution gets more serious with the increase of geographical agglomeration. Meanwhile, larger urban scale is helpful to reduce the negative impact from geographical agglomeration on haze pollution. Additionally, there exist significant differences in different regions in terms of the impacts from geographical agglomeration and urban scale on haze pollution.

Abstract:How to realize the coordinated development between economic development and environmental quality has become a hot issue. Based on the data from 1997 to 2016 in China, this paper empirically studies the influence mechanism of fiscal decentralization and economic agglomeration on the environmental pollution. The empirical results show that fiscal decentralization and economic agglomeration have negative and positive effects on environmental pollution. Economic agglomeration can promote the reducing effect of fiscal decentralization on environmental pollution. Further analysis is made on the region level, and it is found that the differences in economic base and resource endowment will lead to different mechanism of effect of fiscal decentralization and economic agglomeration on environmental pollution. Fiscal decentralization leads to aggravation of pollution in the northeast and eastern regions, and the reduction of pollution in the central and western regions. The economic agglomeration is obviously beneficial to the financial decentralization's reducing pollution in eastern and western regions. The reform of fiscal decentralization and the assessment mechanism of local governments should be promoted according to local conditions so as to improve the quality of the environment.

Abstract:Internal experience and external experience are common patterns for family business to train successors. This paper focuses on the differences in the effects of these two different patterns on firm performance after successors have exerted significant influence on the firm. Based on the learning theory, this paper proposes a partially adjusted mediation effect model, and uses the 2016 survey data of 183 family firms in Zhejiang province to empirically test the hypothesis models. The results of data analysis show that the influence of the successors training patterns on the succession performance of firms is completely mediated by the successors' recognition, and this is a typical indirect mediating effect. Specifically, the internal experience pattern plays a positive role in the successors' recognition and can promote the firm performance. While the external experience pattern has a negative effect, which will have a negative impact on firm performance. However, the tutor can effectively alleviate or even reverse the negative impact of the external experience pattern. This study uses the learning theory for the first time to integrate the research on the succession process and results of family business successors, and finds that the successor's recognition is the intermediate mechanism between the successor training patterns and firm performance, which will help to improve the systematic understanding of the training process of family business successors.

Abstract:Family firms are the predominant form of business organization in China. Entrepreneurship orientation (EO) plays an important role in promoting the transformation and upgrading of family firms and their sustainable growth in China. This paper aims to explore the effect of family members' psychological ownership on entrepreneurial orientation of family firms, and to examine the moderating effects of family involvement (i.e., family management, family generation) and institutional environment in this relationship using the data of family firms in Eastern and Western China. The result reveals that family members' psychological ownership positively impacts entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. The result also shows that family management positively moderates the relationship between family members' psychological ownership and entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. That is, as family management increases, the positive effect of family members' psychological ownership on EO of family firms increase. In addition, family generation in management and institutional environment negatively moderate the relationship between family members' psychological ownership and entrepreneurial orientation of family firms. That is, as family generation in management increases, or institutional environment improves, the positive effects of family members' psychological ownership on EO of family firms decrease. This paper not only enriches the existing researches on antecedents of family firm entrepreneurial orientation in emerging economies, but also provides enlightenment for family firms' entrepreneurship in China.

Abstract:Directors and Officers liability insurance is insurance against compensation for errors or negligent misconduct generated by the company's directors, supervisors and senior staff in the exercise of their duties. This paper studies the relationship between Directors and Officers liability insurance and financing constraints with the Directors and Officers liability insurance data, which was collected manually. This paper found that, compared with companies that did not purchase Directors and Officers liability insurance, companies which purchased directors' liability insurance had a higher degree of financing constraints. The positive relationship between Directors and Officers liability insurance and financing constraints was mainly reflected in non-state-owned enterprises, boarder and CEO are the same person and regions with low marketization. Those studies are still robust after passing a series of endogenous tests. The research of the thesis has important practical significance for the application of directors' liability in the capital market.

Abstract:Based on the sample from 1997 to 2015 of Chinese A-share listed companies, this report empirically studies the implementation of the listed companies' independent director system and studies whether its characteristics is related to the corporate violations and to what degree. According to the results, the implementation of independent director system can reduce the corporate violation and reduce the probability of its occurrences, therefore the independent director system seems to exert a positive effect. The four background features represented by the independent directors which include academic, political, financial and overseas background have no significant impact on the company's illegal behavior. The average age of independent directors and the proportion of women within the independent directors are not related to whether the company violates regulations and to what degree. Entrusting others to attend the meeting has no significant impact on the corporate violations, but the independent directors' absence would increase the probability of corporate violations. The background characteristics, average age, female proportion, and behavioral characteristics of independent directors have no effect on the severity of the corporate violations. This research is helpful for assessing the system of independent directors and for guiding listed companies to use it effectively. It is suggested that China Securities Regulatory Commission need perfect the system of independent directors, and listed companies should pay more attention to the participation of independent directors in company meetings.

Abstract:Due to the lack of research leadership and research capacity, the researchers in humanities and social sciences often face various research ethical risks. The existing researches mainly focus on two kinds of risks, that is, empirical research risks and results presentation risks, and ignore the risks of problems selecting as master switch and the risks of scientific research design. By literature meta-analysis, this study divides the ethic risk into problem risk, design risk, empirical research risk and result disclosure risk with a perspective of process. It is attributed to lack of awareness of risk prevention and control, driving by academic interests, lack of risk prevention and control skills, and lack of overall prevention and control concepts based on the internal relationship of consciousness and behavior as well as part and whole. And then, a series of risk prevention and control countermeasures are proposed.

Abstract:Academic journal is a special department of knowledge production. It is not only the carrier for scholars to publish achievements and academic exchanges, but also bears the function and responsibility of academic evaluation. Journal evaluation is an important part of academic evaluation and is one of the ways to promote the ethical and rational academic evaluation. The social and public attributes of academic journals determine that journal evaluation has profound political, administrative, social and emotional characteristics. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation method in journal evaluation is the application of qualitative and quantitative research in evaluation, which is mainly reflected in the impact factor evaluation of bibliometrics and the qualitative evaluation of peer review. Bibliometrics focuses on the collection and ranking of impact factor data, while peer review focuses on the role of academic community as the evaluation subject. However, peer review under the bibliometrics method mainly uses the expert questionnaire to score, which is a quantitative and technical route, rather than a qualitative evaluation. Qualitative evaluation method in journal evaluation needs to understand the academic and social nature of academic journals, and study the influence of subject culture and evaluation culture on evaluation activities. We should understand peer review process from the perspective of knowledge sociology, and conduct qualitative research on the academic social field of journal evaluation. Evaluators can expand the depth and breadth of peer review, and construct the qualitative evaluation system of academic journals through the qualitative research of peer review.

Abstract:Legal governance of enterprise information security is an effective way to ensure national network and information security, defend personal information rights and interests, and promote the industry to "develop" in "security". The enterprise information security obligations in China's Law are mostly in static and tactical state, which can not protect against the changeable security risks. The incentive mechanism of compliance with the laws and regulations of enterprises is lacking, and the motivation to compliance is insufficient. The popularization of information security culture is lacking. In order to solve the above problems, we should base on the thinking of legal governance and position "corporate governance" as the focus of legal governance of enterprise information security. In the level of system design, we should draw lessons from the beneficial experience of American enterprise information security legal governance in legislation supervision and enterprise autonomy, take the basic principles of information security legal governance as the guide, give full play to the role of legislative incentive, encourage all enterprises to establish a mandatory and voluntary information security "corporate governance" structure, attach importance to the implementation of information security obligations of the directors and senior executives, promote the construction of enterprise information security culture, and highlight the value of security culture.

Abstract:The tort liability part of Civil Code (second draft) has made scientific amendments to the existing rules of notice-and-takedown, but the problems of lack of prior protection and loss of post relief procedures remain unresolved. With the role transformation and technology upgrading of ISPs, as the controller and participant of the risk of network infringement, they are necessary and able to bear the obligations of actively preventing infringements during the uninformed phase and reviewing the materials during the notified phase, to make up for the loopholes of copyright protection and user interest protection. The dual duties of care should be compatible with ISPs' expectation and control ability to the infringement risk and the ability of material review. In the uninformed phase, technical measures are the main methods of performance, and technical level, service type, content involvement level, and direct benefit should be comprehensively considered. Violation is the consideration for fault rather than a sole criterion, and it does not necessarily result in infringement liability. In the notified phase, only formal review and limited substantive examination are necessary, and those who have fulfilled the duty of care can be exempted from tort liability.

Abstract:In the new era, ecological protection and high-quality development in the whole Yellow River Basin will face new tasks and challenges, and ecological governance, which is on its way to rule of law, will become an important governance pattern in the future. In the meantime, ecological rule of law is an inevitable choice to promote the modernization of national environmental governance system and governance capacity. Through sorting out and explaining the normative text of the state on the development of ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin in western China and its interpretations, this paper analyzes the transformation of the state's concept on the development of the Yellow River Basin, and then points out the problems existing in the development of ecological rule of law in the Yellow River Basin in the new era. It is mainly reflected in the lack of full embodiment of the concept of systematic development of ecological rule of law, the lack of implementation of local legislation on ecological protection policies, and the lack of positive interaction between environmental policies and other policies. Then starting from improvement of the ecological rule of law norm system in the Yellow River Basin, the coordination between laws and environmental policies to protect the ecological environment and the goal of the integrated implementation of environmental policies should be achieved. The aim is to improve legal norms and environmental policies, to ensure ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, and to realize the ecological rule of law in the Yellow River Basin.

Abstract:The possible cases of invalid third-party governance contracts are covered by Article 52 of the Contract Law. In practice, "violation of mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations"is the most common situation. In the case of the above-mentioned contract invalidation, the results of judicial judgments are different, such as one of the pollutant discharge enterprises and the pollution control enterprises alone, the two parties, and the two parties jointly bear the environmental tort liability. Definition of environmental tort liability in the case of invalid third-party governance contract should firstly identify the "polluter" between the pollutant discharge enterprises and the pollution control enterprises according to the "literal range" of "pollution source control and discharge", and then determine its "polluter" liability according to law. For pollutant discharge enterprises or pollution control enterprises which do not conform to the "polluter" status, if there is evidence to prove that there is a common cause and effect relationship between them, they should bear the liability according to their share; if there is evidence to prove that there is joint infringement, joint danger, cumulative causality, or abetting or helping infringement with the "polluter", they shall bear joint and several liability; if there is evidence to prove that they are the "third party" with fault, they shall bear incomplete joint and several liability with the "polluter". The determination of the ultimate liability share between pollutant discharge enterprises and pollution control enterprises should be based on the degree of fault and the magnitude of the causal force, to solve the disputes in the definition of environmental tort liability in the case of invalid third-party governance contracts.

Abstract:The term ecological damage "administrative relief" referred to by many researchers in environmental law has irreconcilability in the concept system of administrative law and should be expressed as ecological damage administrative redress rather than ecological damage administrative relief. Ecological damage administrative redress plays a fundamental role in preventing, stopping and punishing ecological damage behaviour. However, no matter from the functional types of relief, the intensity of relief, or the range of objects to be corrected, ecological damage administrative redress has its functional limit. The principle of "administrative power first" is not suitable for the compensatory relief field of ecological damage, and it is not possible to realize the full relief of ecological damage only by improving the way of ecological damage administrative redress. Only by redressing the expression of the concept of ecological damage relief by using administrative power and reasonably locating the function of ecological damage administrative redress, can we straighten out the relationship among different paths of ecological damage relief and realize the effective interface and functional complementarity of ecological damage administrative redress and ecological damage judicial relief.

Abstract:As a common form of evidence in civil litigation, circumstantial evidence constitutes an indirect way of proof according to the rule of experience and reasoning, which is the main means of proving the facts of a case in civil litigation. Because of the diversification of the object of proof, the uncertainty of probative force and the complexity of the way of proving facts, the courts take a cautious, doubtful, and even exclusive attitude towards circumstantial evidence. The courts either simply exclude it by the exclusion rules of evidence or the rule of less probative force, or directly apply the rule of burden of proof to adjudicate cases with evidence that can't prove the facts of the case. Therefore, for circumstantial evidence, we should first make it clear that it can only be limitedly excluded based on the credibility rules of evidence, the application of the less probative force rule on common-sense circumstantial evidence should be limited and the abuse of the authenticity rules should be concerned, and the courts should be required to reasonably analyze the problems of contradictory circumstantial evidence. More importantly, on the basis of the specific types of indirect proof, such as the mode of evidence ring and the mode of evidence chain, we should clarify the requirements of the empirical rules on the basis of presumption, determine the diversified mode of indirect proof of facts, and endow circumstantial evidence with the important role in proving subjective facts such as fraud and coercion. Then when the court faces circumstantial evidence, it can rely on discretional evaluation of evidence to determine the facts, which makes the civil judgment based on the normative and rigorous examination and identification of evidence.

Abstract:It is urgent to reform the supervision procedure, which is declining in the practice of courts in China. Electronic reform of the supervision procedure is helpful to effectively play the function of judicial burden reduction and case diversion of supervision procedure. At present, electronic reform of the supervision procedure is operating under the framework of the Civil Procedure Law and its judicial interpretation. Also, it is innovative. The key to its innovation lies in the unity of formality and materiality review, which helps to the efficient operation of the supervision procedure and facilitates the intellectualization of judicial management, review mode and procedural guarantee. It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the electronic reform of the supervision procedure and the litigation procedure, the summary procedure, the quick determination procedure, the property preservation, and the advance execution. In addition, it is necessary to reform and perfect the cost sharing system, the parties' obligation of good faith, the true and complete obligation, and the litigation promotion obligation.

Abstract:Big data age is coming. What changes will happen to government governance under the driven of big data? There are few studies. The current test of government governance focuses on the prevention of poverty return in the field of targeted poverty alleviation. Based on this perspective, this paper explores the internal mechanism of government governance driven by big data. The study finds that: under the background of big data, the government's governance ability has spawned new core competence, namely data management ability. Diversification of government governance subjects is beneficial to realize the wide range and precision mobilization of government governance resources. The change from empirical decision-making to data decision-making is beneficial to realize the high efficiency and fair allocation of government resources. The precise identification of object of government governance is conducive to the accurate and optimal use of government resources. Objectively, we must have the ability of data governance. Subjectively, we must reconstruct the government governance system (including governance subject, governance mode and governance object) according to the requirements of big data driving. Only in this way can we truly realize the purpose of data governance driving government governance and improve the government governance ability. Objectively, data management ability can accelerate the reconstruction of the government governance system, then accelerate the improvement of government governance capacity and finally improve governance performance. Based on the analysis of the deficiencies and gaps between conventional and big data prevention of poverty return according to the different stages of big data application, some targeted suggestions such as reconstruction of government governance system and improvement of data governance capability are put forward.

Abstract:The red lines for ecological protection is an important policy tool to protect regional ecological functions, ensure national ecological security, and promote sustainable development. However, there are many problems, such as the short-term conflicts between ecological protection and economic development, an overlapping of ecological space and living space of farmers in the red line area, and an interlacing of ecological fragility and poverty, pose challenges to the implementation of the red lines for ecological protection policy. This paper takes Youyang and Chengkou, whose ecological protection red line area is large in Chongqing, as an example, to analyze the impact of the current red lines for ecological protection policy on farmers' livelihoods and the effect that the ecological compensation have on this conflict. The results are: first, the current red lines for ecological protection policy has indeed affected economic development and farmers' livelihoods, making farmers feel that their interests have been "deprived" and their sense of access to ecological rights is reduced; second, market-oriented and diversified ecological compensation mechanism is an important means to effectively improve the livelihood status of farmers in the red line area, and corresponding government governance suggestions are put forward.

Abstract:The evolutionary context of youth volunteer cultural values and the deep impact of voluntary service on youth cultural values since the Reform and Opening Up are researched and compared, which will help to re-examine the deep influence of the times on youth values and the cultural value function of volunteer service. Inglehart's World Value Survey and Q Methodology is used to survey 13 000 young volunteers across the country, of which the results are compared with the data from Inglehart's surveys in 1984 and 2007 in China. The study shows that the young volunteers of post-80s and post-90s pursue of both cultural values and happiness values, but among them the post-90s volunteers pursue happiness values more than that of post-80s volunteers, and it is found that volunteer behavior significantly affects the development and change of youth cultural values. Volunteering can help the youth to improve social cooperation, expand social networks, enhance social integration and explore social innovation. Furthermore, volunteering can help the youth in the new era to cultivate the cultural values of mutual aid, friendship, openness, tolerance, harmony and participation, and can also help the modernization of social governance from "hard governance" to "soft governance" so as to realize the modernization of social governance ability.

Abstract:This paper investigated the present situation of undergraduates' moral governance ability by the method of questionnaire and explored the inner psychological mechanism and rules of undergraduates' moral governance ability through mediating effect model. The results show that: 1) The moral governance ability of undergraduates keeps a high level, and it will adjust subtly as the situation changes; 2) the moral governance ability of undergraduates has significant differences in gender and grade, girls are higher than boys in moral governance ability, and the moral governance ability of undergraduates shows a tendency of growth with the rise of grade; 3) moral sensitivity and moral disengagement have a concurrent and partial mediation effect in the influence of moral foundation on moral governance ability. Some advices and countermeasures of improving the moral governance ability of undergraduates are offered according to the conclusion.

Abstract:Since the 17th century, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, influenced by the closing-off policy and the Qing-Chǒsn tributary relationship, have preserved a large area of forested land between the Willow Side and the Yalu River. One of the purposes of preserving the forest area was to maintain a buffer zone by isolating the residents on both sides of the Yalu River, thus demonstrating the Qing emperor's benevolence. However, in the late 19th century, Northeast China became the site of global rivalries and competition. Under pressure from Tsarist Russia and plagued by internal famine, the Qing government resorted to a series of new policies to encourage immigration and open the Yalu River forest for commercial logging. Meanwhile, to deal with the Malthusian trap in Japan, it regarded the Korean Peninsula and the northeast of the Qing Dynasty as expansion targets. Japan's victories in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) consolidated its position in Northeast Asia and paved the way for its military control and resource management in the forests of the Yalu River. With the establishment of the Sino-Japanese Yalu River Logging Company in 1908, Japan took control of forestry development on the Sino-Korean border. This paper focuses on the relationship between forest development and frontier formation. It attempts to re-examine the process of modernization of the northeast frontier from a forest perspective, discussing how forest-related commerce, negotiation, and conflict have been internalized into labor disputes and thus reshapes the history of forest boundaries.

Abstract:In the past studies on the farming-pastoral ecotone and related issues in the historical period, climate and population factors are two basic clues. However, through the study of the transition of farming-pastoral ecotone in the space-time dimension, it can be found that the effects of climate and population factors are different. It is biased and the degree of influence varies in different periods. Therefore, on the basis of investigating the influence of climate and population factors on the changes of the farming-pastoral ecotone in the historical period, this paper believes that there are three key points that should be paid attention to: first, we must treat differently the influence degree of climate and population factors in different historical periods; second, pay attention to the "boundary zone", which is the core area of the agro-pastoral ecotone; third, pay attention to the relationship between the choice of agriculture and animal husbandry and the change of environmental landscape and ecosystem change in the agro-pastoral ecotone.