Abstract:Building the Innovative Silk Road is a crucial way to promote the high-quality development of "the Belt and Road" Initiative. In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, "the Belt and Road" Initiative provides a broad platform for enterprises to "go global" and "bring in". It is significant for enterprises to seize opportunities for digital, networked, and intelligent development and explore new technologies, new forms of business, and new models. This paper uses 3665 Shanghai and Shenzhen listed companies from 2007-2017 as the research sample and uses the propensity score matching method, difference in difference method, and policy evaluation mediating effect model. From the perspective of outward foreign direct investment, this paper evaluates the impact of "the Belt and Road" Initiative on the innovation of Chinese enterprises and further reveals the mediating effect of outward foreign direct investment. Mechanism analysis shows that "the Belt and Road" Initiative provides an interconnected transportation infrastructure, a good policy environment, and an adequate financial support system for Chinese enterprises' outward foreign direct investment. Enterprises mainly implement greenfield investment and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and improve their innovation level through economies of scale, pressure innovation, reverse technology spillover effect, comparative technology advantage, and production cooperation network. The empirical analysis results are as follows. First, "the Belt and Road" Initiative has improved the innovation level of enterprises, and its policy effect is continuous. Second, government subsidies, net profit, and market value all significantly positively affect enterprise innovation. Government subsidies reduce the risks of innovation and R&D investment costs, and enterprises with strong profitability and high market value can generally resist technological innovation risks. Third, compared with small enterprises, private enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises, large and medium-sized enterprises and state-owned enterprises are better able to improve innovation through "the Belt and Road" Initiative. Fourth, enterprises' outward foreign direct investment plays a significantly positive mediating effect in promoting innovation, and the mediating effect of large and medium-sized enterprises and state-owned enterprises' outward foreign direct investment is more substantial. In addition, the results of robustness tests based on substitution variables and parallel trend test prove the credibility of the conclusions of this paper. Finally, this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions. First, from the aspects of technological innovation subject, innovation investment, transformation of technological achievements, and government management, the government should play a guiding role and gradually establish a long-term mechanism for technological finance, transformation of technological achievement and talent introduction. Second, we should strengthen the flow of innovation elements and the optimal allocation of innovation resources, and promote technological cooperation and sharing of innovation achievements with countries along "the Belt and Road". Third, we should deepen international production capacity cooperation and promote the industry to move towards the middle and high end of the global value chain, to realize industrial transformation and upgrading.

Abstract:From the "going global" strategy to "the Belt and Road" initiative, foreign investment has gradually become an important measure for China to stimulate economic growth as well as promoting development transformation and building a new pattern of regional governance, and major infrastructure investment plays an increasingly important role in it. Recent years major infrastructure investments have achieved remarkable results, however, we have to face the reality of frequent cultural conflicts and obstructed project construction along "the Belt and Road". In addition, investment companies have insufficient experience as well as inadequate preventive measures towards international operations, they even ignore the existence of cultural risks. In order to overcome the above problems and improve the current cultural risk management research that has not formed a system yet, it is necessary to identify the manifestations of cultural risks and analyze their distribution characteristics to ensure the smooth development of investment activities. The paper firstly identifies 21 cultural risk elements from four dimensions:language, ethnic religion, human environment, and diplomatic relations, through the analysis of typical cases and important documents. Based on the related research results of national risk assessment, the cultural risk index system of major infrastructure investment is constructed. Meanwhile, entropy weight method is used to determine their comprehensive weights. Then the risk levels of 32 countries along "the Belt and Road" are evaluated with TOPSIS model. After in-depth analysis of the evaluation results using SPSS software, a targeted risk prevention strategy is formulated. The main conclusions of the thesis are as follows:1) The main threat of cultural risk. From the perspective of dimensions, language risks and diplomatic relations risks have the greatest impact on major infrastructure investment, followed by humanities environment risks and ethnic and religious risks; from the perspective of risk factors, the project cooperation basis, language products, and the proportion of Chinese in the host country have a significant impact on the development of investment activities. 2) The cultural risk level of countries along the route. From a numerical point of view, it shows an obvious right-biasedness. Except for Singapore and Malaysia, the progress of posting is significantly higher than that of other countries. The overall cultural risk posting progress of countries along "the Belt and Road" fluctuates around an average value of about 0.2. 3) The agglomeration characteristics of countries suitable for investment. From the perspective of spatial distribution, such countries tend to be concentrated. The agglomeration level gradually decreases from Southeast Asia to West Asia and Europe, among which Singapore's investment conditions are significantly better than other countries; the paper further draws a risk map of countries along the route according to the classification results of risk levels, and finds that Jordan, Bangladesh and other exceptional countries do not meet the above. Therefore, combined with the closeness calculation results of cluster analysis, it is found that the distribution law of cultural risk may also be potentially affected by historical evolution and economic level. This paper studies the cultural risks faced by major infrastructure investments under "the Belt and Road" initiative. On the one hand, it improves the identification and assessment methods of cultural risks and helps to build a complete cultural risk management process; on the other hand, it proposes specific measures for cultural risk prevention. Countermeasures are helpful to solve practical problems and provide decision support for investment enterprises.

Abstract:Since the promulgation of "Several Provisions on Protecting and Improving the Environment (Trial Draft)" in 1973, the central and local governments have issued a large number of laws and regulations on environmental governance, which has become an important measure to promote environmental pollution control in China. Then, can the rule of environmental protection reduce the level of environmental pollution? This paper explores the impact of environmental rule by law on environmental pollution, and analyzes the mechanism of local environmental legislation on environmental pollution. On this basis, 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt are selected as samples and the municipal panel data from 2003 to 2017 are selected to empirically test the impact of environmental rule by dual difference method. The paper also verifies that industrial upgrading is the transmission mechanism of environmental legislation affecting environmental pollution, and verifies the research results of this paper by means of propensity score matching method, empirical test at sub-regional level and dynamic effect test, and puts forward relevant policy suggestions. The results show that:1) Local environmental legislation significantly inhibits environmental pollution, and the lag effect test results also show that local environmental legislation inhibits environmental pollution, which means that the emission reduction effect of local environmental legislation has a long-term mechanism; 2) The test results of the sub-regions along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt also verify the conclusion that environmental legislation inhibits environmental pollution, which is consistent with the results of the full-sample test of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, indicating that the effect of local environmental legislation on inhibiting environmental pollution is relatively robust. The results obtained by the propensity score matching method also support the pollution control effect of local environmental legislation; 3) Further research on the transmission mechanism shows that environmental legislation inhibits environmental pollution through industrial upgrading, that is, industrial upgrading is the transmission mechanism of local environmental legislation affecting environmental pollution, which means that local environmental legislation stimulates enterprise innovation, promotes industrial upgrading, and inhibits environmental pollution. Therefore, the article finally puts forward the corresponding environmental policy recommendations such as from the overall to the proceeding of the rule of law to promote environmental governance, perfecting the system of local environmental legislation construction, expanding the transfer payment in field of environmental protection efforts, ensuring pollution control well-funded, increasing the environmental protection inspection standard, preventing "sports type" management mode. This paper analyzes the mechanism of environmental legislation on the environmental pollution from the perspective of the municipal level, empirically conducts a series of tests, and verifies the effect of environmental legislation on environmental pollution through the transmission mechanism, enriches the research on the environmental pollution control effect of the municipal level, and provides beneficial reference on environment pollution governance for local government.

Abstract:Green and high-quality development is an inevitable requirement for building a beautiful China in the new era, which is directly related to the new journey of China's socialist modernization for a longer period of time after the 14th Five-Year Plan. The possible marginal contribution of the article lies in:based on the literature review, the research hypothesis is put forward through theoretical analysis, and the research object is 108 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, constructing the 2003-2018 smog pollution (PM_2.5) concentration data. At the same time, it is characterized by GTFP that reflects the connotation of high-quality development, and tries to incorporate haze pollution, human capital and economic quality into a unified framework. The mediation effect model and the instrumental variable method are comprehensively used to reveal the mechanism and effect of haze pollution on high-quality economic development from the perspective of human capital. The results show that for every increase of 1 unit of haze pollutants is represented by PM_2.5 during the sample period, the quality of green economy development decreases by 8.4%; the direct effect of haze pollution on economic quality is -0.064, and the subsequent indirect effect conducted through the intermediary of human capital is -0.020. Further analysis shows that haze pollution has obvious heterogeneity to the green and high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Among them, haze pollution has a greater negative impact on the human capital of downstream cities, which in turn affects economic quality. The inhibitory effect is also significantly higher than that of the city of the middle and upper reaches, and the damage effect of haze pollution has increased after 2013. After overcoming a series of robustness tests such as endogeneity, replacement of explained variables, sample shrinkage processing, and lagging one-period regression, the research conclusions are still valid. The policy significance is that it can provides useful enlightenment to effectively control smog and promote economic development in green and high-quality manners. It is recommended to strengthen regional coordination, guide various regions to balance the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, promote the steady improvement and common development of economic quality. We should promote the complementarity of resources and functional integration in the region based on resource, and add impetus to the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. We should promote the development of characteristics and exert the clustering effect, pushing the green transformation and upgrading the industrial structure with market-based regulatory means. We should increase the financial investment in public services such as medicine and education, and improve the level of social welfare, accumulate the stock of human capital, and give full play to the impact of human capital for the potential of economic development to promote innovative development. We should optimize the linkage mechanism, coordinate the establishment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt responsibility sharing and benefit coordination mechanism, promote high-quality development, and set a benchmark for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern.

Abstract:Economic uncertainty is an important economic index, which measures the degree of inconsistency between the economic conditions and the expectations of economic actors, and is closely related to the macroeconomy performance and policy making. The increase of economic uncertainty may have negative effects on economic activities. Therefore, it is important to study economic uncertainty for understanding fluctuations in the economy, formulating macro-control policies, and stimulating market vitality. Since the economic uncertainty is not directly observable, it is necessary to develop a method to quantify the uncertainty and assess its macroeconomic effects. We propose to construct an economic uncertainty index based on the Weibo data, which involves more people's views regarding the economy. This method takes the public opinions into account and can show the timely changes of the economic uncertainty. First, we use a long and short-term memory (LSTM) model to classify the sentiments of the comments posted on Weibo on the economic issues. This method saves a lot of time and cost to classify the sentiments of the Weibo comments manually and is helpful for the real-time measurement of the economic uncertainty index. Then, we construct the Economic Uncertainty Index(EUI) by measuring the inconsistency of the public opinions. The empirical analysis results show that:1) Weibo data has a good reflection on the important economic issues, and EUI is consistent with the economic development trends and shows spikes around the major events; 2) EUI is consistent with other economic uncertainty indices which are commonly used in literatures. For example, EUI shows similar patterns with EPU proposed by Baker et al. (2016) and provides timely information for important economic issues. Furthermore, EUI is positively correlated with the market volatility index and the stock return variance and negatively correlated with the Consumer Confidence Index and Fund Manager Confidence Index; 3) Using the vector autoregressive (VAR) model to assess the impact of EUI on the macroeconomy, the results show that EUI has a significant negative impact on imports, exports and consumption.

Abstract:In recent years, with the rapid development of society and economy, controlling shareholder's share pledge has become a very common phenomenon in China capital market. The so-called share pledge of controlling shareholders refers to a debt financing method in which controlling shareholders pledge their own shares to banks, securities companies, trust companies and other financial institutions to obtain credit funds. This financing method has more advantages than other financing methods in terms of convenience and rapidity, which can quickly help controlling shareholders solve the problem of capital shortage, but also makes enterprises face the risk of control transfer. For this reason, the share pledge behavior of controlling shareholders of listed companies has aroused widespread concern in the academic and practical circles. Although existing research has explored the influence of controlling shareholder's share pledge on corporate audit fees, few scholars have gone deep into the family firms level to explore the relationship between controlling shareholder's share pledge and audit fees. To this end, this article takes China's A-share listed family companies from 2008 to 2017 as the research object, deeply examines the impact of controlling shareholder's share pledge on audit fees, and analyzes the moderating effects of CEO from different sources. On this basis, we have carried out research design, constructed relevant research models, and verified the relevant mechanisms and hypotheses proposed in the article through descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and mechanism analysis. The study finds that the share pledge of family controlling shareholders is significantly positively correlated with the audit fees charged by auditors. At the same time, compared with family CEO, non-family CEO will significantly weaken the positive correlation between the family controlling shareholder's share pledge and audit fees. Further analysis finds that the controlling shareholder's share pledge will lead to a significant increase in corporate governance risks and earnings manipulation risks, thereby increasing the audit fees of the family firms. Finally, after considering potential endogenous issues, re-measurement of audit fees, and narrowing the sample range of family firms, our research conclusions remain unchanged. The above research conclusions show that the risk arising from the share pledge by the controlling shareholder of the family firms can be identified by the auditor, therefore the auditor will compensate by charging more audit fees. At the same time, the non-family CEO can restrict the family controlling shareholder's benefit encroachment, which will help auditors to better identify the risks arising from the family controlling shareholder's share pledge. Therefore, auditors can implement differentiated charging strategies based on the different sources of family firms CEO. This article not only extends the controlling shareholder's share pledge to the family firms level for research, but also enriches and supplements the relevant literature on audit fees. So, it has certain theoretical contributions and practical significance for auditors to implement differentiated charging strategies.

Abstract:The issue of the discourse power is closely related to the realization and maintenance of national interests, and is an important symbol of national soft power. Global governance is global multilateral governance with the participation of multiple subjects, and it is a typical collective action. Due to the characteristics of collectivism and public choice in global governance itself, soft power, with the discourse power as the main cultural symbol, is now included in the important goals of competition among nations. For a long time, some western countries have always dominated the global political landscape due to their accumulated discourse power advantages. How to confront the strong encirclement and suppression of western discourse hegemony, how to enhance the dissemination of China's voice in the international community, and how to show the world a more three-dimensional and real China are major problems that China urgently needs to solve. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the comprehensive national strength and international status of China have been significantly improved. Correspondingly, both China's voice and stories on the international stage have also received more attention, and China's discourse power has achieved new breakthroughs. However, none of this means that the current status of China's discourse power has been matched with the comprehensive national strength. There is no denying the fact that, compared with western countries, China's discourse power is still in a weak position. In order to win the "battle for the promotion of China's discourse power", based on the perspective of comparison and evaluation of discourse power, we should consider the connotation and logical relationship between global governance and China's discourse power from the perspectives of inheritance and continuation, international and domestic, so as to provide a theoretical basis and endogenous power for the research on China's discourse power. At present, China still faces many problems and challenges in disseminating Chinese voices, telling Chinese stories and providing Chinese solutions. The problems of "being scolded" and "being speechless" still exist, mainly including that China's discourse is suppressed by western discourse hegemony, anti-Marxist social ideology still exists, and that discourses slandering the socialist system are endless, etc. In response to these problems, accelerating the discourse power that matches China's comprehensive national strength has become a top priority from the perspective of global governance. Looking forward to the future, in the face of the risks and challenges, in order to allow other countries to accurately recognize the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, we should speak out on important occasions at home and abroad, and realize the transformation of China's role in global governance. Firstly, we should learn from experience and wisdom from China's governance concepts, institutional advantages, capabilities and practices so as to explore the ways of improving discourse power. Secondly, we should accurately grasp the general trend of development at home and abroad, and insist on transforming China's governance practice into discourse power. Thirdly, we should transform Chinese governance advantages into discourse power advantages. Fourthly, we should transform Chinese institutional confidence into discourse confidence. Lastly, we should transform our governance vision into world recognition. Thus, we will fully demonstrate China's governance achievements, and confidently participate in shaping global governance.

Abstract:As an important part of the realization of "cultural power", academic discourse power is an important measure of its comprehensive national strength and cultural soft power, and it is highly valued by all countries in the world. The "discourse power theory" and "cultural leadership theory" successively put forward by developed countries in Europe and America, as well as the Western cultural hegemony theory, have been leading the development of the world's discourse power. In recent years, there have been extensive discussions on topics such as "lack of academic discourse power", "construction of academic discourse system" and "strategies for enhancing academic discourse power". Academic discourse power is the key element in the construction of academic discourse system. As soft power, academic discourse power has an extremely far-reaching impact on social development and academic prosperity. Exploring the research status and enlightenment of international academic discourse power can help China build the theory, method and application system of scientific evaluation of academic discourse power. Therefore, this paper selects the relevant research results in the core collection database of Web of Science, conducts statistics and analysis on the country of international academic discourse power through Citespace, uses Vosviewer to analyze the hot topics of international academic discourse power literature, and then the bibliometric analysis method is used to comprehensively analyze and summarize the research progress of relevant research literature. The results show that the hot topics of international academic discourse research mainly focus on theoretical research on academic discourse and linguistics, cross-cultural, cross-language and interdisciplinary academic discourse research, the role of academic discourse in political discourse, identity recognition and socialization, and academic discourse evaluation and quantitative research. This paper comprehensively analyzes the impact of international academic discourse power on China's academic discourse power and its future development and proposes a realization path to improve China's academic discourse power. In practice, learning from domestic and foreign experience and theories can innovate the promotion mechanism of academic discourse power. Specifically, it includes:combining top-down national strategies with bottom-up promotion from all walks of life; constructing scientific and feasible classification and evaluation indicators for academic discourse power, and adopting differentiated policy support for academic discourse power in different fields; improving academic discourse content innovation, platform construction and dissemination efforts. In addition, in the era of big data and artificial intelligence, it is necessary to use its own strength to create a first-class all-media and multi-language academic communication platform, so that Chinese academic frontiers and academic discourse can be spread farther and wider on the international stage. Finally, academic masters can be managed and cultivated scientifically and be encouraged to participate in the setting of international academic issues.

Abstract:Breaking the "five only" is not only a new problem in the development of higher education in the new era, but also a new subject that must be faced by the construction and evaluation of new liberal arts. From the perspective of educational evaluation reform, the construction of new liberal arts depends on the most cutting-edge artificial intelligence technology. The logical way of new liberal arts construction in the era of artificial intelligence is characterized by:the logic of knowledge theory-artificial intelligence promotes the generation of liberal arts disciplines, and the development evaluation of newly generated majors should adhere to the guidance of "problem + demand"; the logic of educational view-artificial intelligence will change the training goal of liberal arts students, and in the era of artificial intelligence, the evaluation of the training goal of new liberal arts talents should avoid the "fragmentation" of specialty and training paradigm; the logic of teaching and research methodology-artificial intelligence will change the teaching method of liberal arts, and with the help of artificial intelligence technology, new liberal arts can create a more scientific and reasonable evaluation system of "teaching" and "learning". In order to construct the natural picture of new liberal arts evaluation in the era of artificial intelligence from the perspective of educational evaluation reform, we need to adhere to the following principles:the evaluation purpose is highlighting moral education, the evaluation subjects are interactive and diverse, the evaluation standards are scientific and diverse, the evaluation methods are multi-dimensional-linked, the evaluation results are holographic and intuitive, and the evaluation support system is intelligent involved. In the era of artificial intelligence, there are four practical needs for the construction and innovative development of new liberal arts:cultivating new people of the times and implementing the fundamental task of moral education; breaking the boundaries of disciplines and promoting the integrated development of disciplines and specialties; establish the concept of "whole person" development and cultivate students' big data ability; cultivate compound talents and enhance students' ability of sustainable development. To achieve the goal of new liberal arts construction in the era of artificial intelligence from the perspective of educational evaluation reform, we need to build four practical paths:setting up an "arts and science integrated" curriculum system, creating a three-dimensional professional curriculum system, optimizing the curriculum module of general education, and expanding the content of professional curriculum; the teaching mode should "pay equal attention to theory and practice" and the theoretical teaching and practical teaching mode should be innovated; the teachers' team should be constructed "coordinating inside and outside school" to create a high-level teaching team; liberal arts evaluation should break the "five only" orientation and adhere to the guidance of "new ideas".

Abstract:The development level of higher education is an important symbol to judge a country's development level and development potential. The level and quality of first-class university groups determine the level and quality of the higher education system. Therefore, to improve the development level of China's higher education and enhance China's core competitiveness in the world, the CPC Central Committee has made a series of strategic decisions to accelerate the construction of word-class universities and first-class disciplines, with a view to building world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. As the lifeline of all the work of the university, ideological and political work is related to the two fundamental issues of "who, how and for whom to cultivate" and "what kind of university to run and how to run a good university". It can be seen that as an important supporting force for the quality development of China's higher education, world-class universities with Chinese characteristics should regard first-class ideological and political work as an important symbol of first-class universities and adhere to the leadership of the Party, adhere to the guiding position of Marxism, fully implement the Party's education policy, adhere to the socialist direction of running schools, integrate moral education into the whole process of education, cultivate qualified socialist builders and reliable successors with all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, and make unremitting efforts to realize the dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In the face of the new situation, new connotation and new requirements of ideological and political work in colleges and universities in the new era, as well as various new challenges, such as the distortion of students' values, the uneven quality of teachers, the breeding of unhealthy tendencies in colleges and universities, the promotion of non-mainstream voices in society, the "fragmented" negative public opinion marketing guidance of the media, colleges and universities, especially the world-class universities with Chinese characteristics, should firmly grasp the "four innovations", analyze the current situation and explore how to give more effective play to the efficiency of ideological and political work and cultivate new people of the times who are worthy of the important task of national rejuvenation. The evaluation of the effectiveness of ideological and political work is an important reference for the establishment of world-class ideological and political work. Therefore, the author expounds the significance of the effectiveness evaluation of ideological and political work in colleges and universities around five dimensions of the regularity and standardization of ideological and political work itself, educational subject, educational object, educational carrier and educational environment, and discusses the construction of the effectiveness evaluation system of ideological and political work in colleges and universities based on the four levels of ideological and political work content, object, methods and evaluation subject. It lays theoretical foundation for the later scientific and effective evaluation of the efficiency of ideological and political work in colleges and universities and the establishment of world-class universities with Chinese characteristics.

Abstract:The "medieval economic revolution" theory which Mark Elvin put forward in The Pattern of the Chinese Past (hereinafter referred to as "The Pattern") deeply influenced the research on the social and economic history of the Tang and Song dynasties. The "economic revolution" has generated a wide range of academic discussions. However, there are totally different ideas on it. Proponents argue that it has opened up the horizons of scholars and driven awareness of research issues. Opponents claim that it has no contribution in terms of historical facts and has obvious flaws such as an attempt to integrate Chinese history into the trajectory of European development. So it's very necessary to re-evaluate the contributions and limitations of this theory. Almost all of the theories of economic "revolution" in ancient China put forward by scholars based on different perspectives focus on the Song dynasty. Many other scholars who do not use or endorse the term "revolution" also believe that there was a very obvious development and significant progress in economy of the Song. It is not an astonishing point of view that there was economic revolution during late Tang, Song and Early Yuan, especially the Song Period (referred to as Medieval by Elvin). It is not Mark Elvin that first put forward this idea. The Pattern is a theoretical work whose focus is on theory construction. The "medieval economic revolution" theory does not provide new historical facts and its specific conclusions also face challenges. However, it is a comprehensive study of the economic history of the late Tang, Song and early Yuan dynasties because it attempts to demonstrate the structure of the medieval economy based on the underlying logic of the relationship between the techniques and economy. As far as this is concerned, it should be acknowledged. The "medieval economic revolution" theory answers the framework questions of The Pattern and together with the "high level equilibrium trap" theory, makes up a complete theoretical system self-constructed by Mark Elvin. Some limitations of the theory provide opportunities for new researches. And others are congenital defects which Chinese scholars have to be alert to. We should not follow the specific conclusions of the "medieval economic revolution" theory directly, but should "remove the worst (Europe-centralism)" and absorb the reasonable core of its methodology.

Abstract:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy, a hand-scroll traditionally attributed to Yan Liben(601-673), is a contemporary visual documentation of the diplomatic encounter between Tang and the kingdom of Tibet,immediately after the later was defeated and accepted tributary status in 641 AD. In 833, nearly two centuries after the encounter, Li Deyu(787-849), the chief minister of the court, ordered the hand-scroll to be remounted and wrote a postscript at the end of it, which recounted the encounter in a new perspective. Previous studies have mostly focused on whether the painting is an authentic work of the Tang Dynasty or a copy of the Song Dynasty, who the author is, what the specific historical scenes it presents, and its collection history, but few scholars have discussed the motivation, function and influence of Li Deyu's remounting and postscript. This paper provides new evidence that the original postscript was written by Li Deyu from two aspects:the format of the postscript and the book of Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau; Through the analysis of the background and new postscript, it reflects a border incident between Tang and the kingdom of Tibet that Xidamou who was the defender of Weizhou City, a general of the kingdom of Tibet, surrendering to the Tang Dynasty. Due to the revenge of Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin and others, Li Deyu experienced the failure of politics and morality in this event. The injustice or humiliation he suffered was the most unforgettable memory in his political career, so he was always looking for opportunities to plead and defend himself. Two years later, when he came to power, he met the sorting and collection activity of calligraphy and painting in the court. At this time, he did not recover from the new injury or expresse his hatred yet, so, he presided over the remounting of the Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy and did not tire of making postscripts. The postscripts are not a memory of the Taizong meeting with Lu Dongzan about 200 years ago, but an expression of the political humiliation he suffered two years ago; meanwhile, the postscripts also indicated Li Deyu's experience when he served as the Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi, and the frontier policy he advocated. To be specific, the content of his postscripts may not only cause his pain for his fate, but also give historical legitimacy to his frontier policy. The postscripts reconstructed the events shown in the Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy seems to imply that his handling of the surrender of Weizhou followed the principles and strategies of Taizong; However, emperor Wenzong, Niu Sengru and Li Zongmin betrayed those who surrendered and caused them to be tortured and killed, which violated the strategy how the empire controlled tributary states established by Taizong. In other words, Li Deyu's postscripts to the Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy took advantage of the past events in the Taizong Dynasty and the policy to the kingdom of Tibet as a metaphor, secretly satirized the surrender of Weizhou city, and defend himself. A series of events, such as remounting the scroll, writing down postscripts, and asking emperor Wuzong to grant Xidamou an official post, not only relieved the pain of conscience and moral torture suffered in the past 12 years, but also revealed the different opinions of the Niu and Li parties on the policy to the kingdom of Tibet at that time. To a certain extent, it also reflected the position and strategy of the mid and late Tang court on the separatist regimes of Uyghurs, Xiajiasi, and other frontier nationalities. This paper is an art history case to explore how the ancients used calligraphy and painting collections as well as inscriptions as political agency to implicitly convey their administrative strategies.

Abstract:The academic value of documents during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China has been widely recognised by domestic and foreign scholars. For nearly a century, there has been a solid number of studies based on those documents published, which played an essential role in shaping historical narratives. Most reviews of document-based studies used research themes as categories to show and explain in detail the specific content of their studies. At the same time, the paradigm shifts in different periods have been acknowledged, yet not systematically summarised. This paradigm is of great significance to documental studies, impacting primary concerns, themes, selection of documents, and paradigm shifts in said documental studies throughout different periods which have also contributed to the shifts of overall China's historical narrative. Taking the paradigm shift as a perspective, this article divides the studies of history on documents of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China into three periods:the transplantation and adaptation of Western concepts and theories; the discussion of the self-generated order and spontaneous market from China's own context; and the crisis under the paradigm shift in the new period, thus attempting to explain the systematic structure and theoretical level of the studies of documents. The recent changes in historical theory and the real world have led to the studies of documents, which in the process of developing further have also encountering the dilemma of "losing the paradigm" under the paradigm shift. In recent years, with the rapidly increasing number of documents collected and published, the growth of their academic value cannot be fully realized without the guidance of an appropriate paradigm. Currently, some scholars' arguments about "general history" and regional comparisons might conduce to a paradigm shift in the study of documents. As "one of the main historical materials for rewriting China's history", under the breakthrough and innovation of paradigm, documents during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China are expected to be used to create a new future not only in the study of documents but China's history studies.

Abstract:The construction of ecological civilization is an important part of China's socialist modernization. Punishing eco-environmental crimes according to law is an important means to ensure the construction of ecological civilization. Based on judicial big data, this paper makes statistics and analysis on the occurrence, basic patterns, core causes and governance strategies of ecological environment crimes stipulated in China's criminal law. This research shows that the use of criminal law to punish eco-environmental crimes has achieved initial effectiveness in China, and the incidence of ecological environment crimes in China is in the stage of rising and falling in recent years. However, because it is still in the process of industrialization, the interaction of people's production, life and ecological elements is still extensive and intensive in space and density. There is still a certain binary dispersion between the occurrence of eco-environmental crimes suppressed by criminal punishment and the original kinetic energy of crimes. The occurrence of some eco-environmental crimes shows that the objective situation that criminals obtain natural resources based on living interests still exists in a certain space-time range. In order to improve the effectiveness of criminal law in the treatment of ecological crimes, it is still necessary to participate in multiple parties, in multiple ways and improve in multiple dimensions, so as to strive to achieve the synchronous and high-quality development of people's production, quality of life and the construction of ecological civilization. At the micro level, the statistical analysis based on judicial big data shows that the number of eco-environmental crimes in China has decreased significantly since 2020 due to the impact of public policies for COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control. However, it should be made clear that this decline has a strong externality and temporality, which is essentially caused by the fact that the people are unable to go out. With the normalization and accuracy of the prevention and control policies for COVID-19, people's production and living activities will still interact widely with the ecological environment, and the development and utilization of natural resources into means of production and means of living are common. In order to consolidate the effectiveness of prevention and control of eco-environmental crimes, it is recommended that relevant departments formulate relevant plans for law popularization of eco-environmental laws and prevention and control of eco-environmental crimes. On the one hand, by further publicizing the concept of ecological civilization, we should publicize the laws related to typical eco-environmental crimes, such as illegal forest cutting, deforestation, illegal hunting, killing of precious and endangered wild animals, illegal mining, and illegal fishing of aquatic products. On the other hand, we should fully mobilize grass-roots autonomous organizations such as communities, village committees and neighborhood committees, encourage the development of alternative industries and other ways, and effectively reduce the conflict between the protection of the basic living interests of the people in the places where the elements of the ecological environment are located and the ecological environment to a low level through diversified governance, so as to fundamentally reduce the incidence of ecological environmental crimes and consolidate the achievements of the construction of ecological civilization.

Abstract:The Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China was passed in June 2021 and officially implemented in September of the same year. However, there are still many important issues to be debated and to be resolved, one of which is whether data can be legally protected as an emerging legal interest. One thing needs to pass the three-dimensional four-path seven-rule review in order to become the legal benefit of criminal law. If it belongs to the emerging legal benefits, it needs to be reviewed by the emerging comparative dimension. Among them, the three dimensions mean, subject restriction dimension, interest specification dimension and legal balance dimension. The four paths refer to the four review paths of whose interests to protect, what interests to protect, why interests should be protected, and how to protect interests. Whose interests to protect corresponds to the subject restriction dimension, what interests to protect corresponds to the interest specification dimension, and why the interests should be protected and how to protect interests correspond to the legal balance dimension. The seven rules refer to the following starting points. From the perspective of subject constraints, there are the following two rules:"protecting human interests:criteria of usefulness to humans (Rule 1)"; "protecting the interests of unspecified majorities:criteria for unspecified majorities (Rule 2)". From the perspective of normative interests, there are the following three rules:"protection of life interests:criteria of empirical reality (Rule 3)", "protection of manageable life interests:criteria of management possibility (Rule 4)", "protection of vital interests:criteria for vital interests (Rule 5)". From the perspective of system balance, there are the following two rules:"actual infringement (danger) of interests:criteria for the possibility of infringement (Rule 6)", "necessity of criminal law protection:criteria of legal interest subjects and other laws difficult to fully protect (Rule 7)". In the era of big data, data legal benefit needs to advance from the phenomenon observation level to the theoretical construction level. Therefore, data, through the review of the judgment rules of legal interests theory, can become an emerging legal benefit and has the legitimacy of criminal law protection. The promulgation of the "Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China" is a legislative declaration for the protection of legal interests based on the important value of data to individuals, the society and the country. Specifically, personal data is a purely emerging legal benefit; corporate data and national data are impurely emerging legal benefit. Data legal benefit can be divided into original value interests and derived instrumental interests. The object content of data legal benefit can be expressed as the usefulness, integrity, confidentiality and security of the data.

Abstract:The system of extraterritorial effect of personal information protection law refers to a legal system in which a country exercises jurisdiction over a person, object or behavior that processes personal information extraterritorially, thus extending its jurisdiction beyond the territory of the country. It is not only a system innovation based on the practical interests of all participants, but also a legal weapon for a country to achieve political, economic and other purposes in a more macroscopic sense. From Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC to GDPR, the European Union further expanded the extraterritorial effect scope of the law, establishing the principle of jurisdiction with the principle of territoriality as the main principle and the effects principle as the complementary principle, and became a model for most countries. The essence of this approach is to take the whole European market as a bargaining chip to participate in the international game. Depending on the advantage of technology and market-dominant of U.S. companies and their control of global data, the U.S. CLOUD Act extends its legal weapon to all parts of the world through the global distribution of American companies, exporting American-style privacy standards to maximize their national interests. In the current situation where international conventions and treaties have not been formed, expanding the extraterritorial effect scope through domestic legislation is a common practice for most countries to safeguard data sovereignty and participate in international cyberspace governance. Facing the international mainstream, China should establish an legal system in which extraterritorial legislative jurisdiction and extraterritorial law enforcement jurisdiction coexist, enhance the applicability and systemic nature of the system of extraterritorial effects of personal information protection law, actively participate in and lead the development of international treaties on personal information protection law, and promote the realization of China's plan for the reform of the global internet governance system.

Abstract:In order to effectively deal with the conflict between the protection of personal information and the development of information industry, which caused by the development of information technology, we must innovate and optimize the system design of personal information protection in tort law, affirm the right of personal information to be protected, limit the right of exclusive control of the information subject, check and balance the "data power" of information processors, so as to restrain the arbitrariness and abuse of power of personal information processors, and seek for the "win-win" for the protection of human rights in information era and the built-in development space for the information industry. From the perspective of big data transparency paradox, power paradox and identity paradox, as a matter of fact, there are both positive and negative externalities in personal information processing. It determines that the legal protection of personal information should not only rely on the "rights-based approach", but also directly face the cognitive and structural difficulties in the era of big data, and reconstruct the path of the legal protection of personal information by using the "risk-based approach". The big data paradox determines that the tort law protection value orientation of personal information should not be simplified and absolute. Its essence is to seek an optimal solution in the game relationship between the secret collection and processing of information by information processors and the personal assertion of information transparency, the data privilege of information processors and the "transfer" or "sacrifice" of personal information rights, the identification of personal identity by information processors and the privacy protection of personal identity. Hence, the value orientation of personal information protection in tort law should not only be to maintain the personal dignity of citizens and guarantee human rights in the digital age, but also be to balance the orderly flow of information, cross-border transactions and various interests in the development of information industry. The big data paradox should not become an obstacle to the "win-win" goal of the "non-zero sum game" among the protection of personal information rights, the power of government information governance, and the development of the information industry. As an inducement of the source, it requires that the value orientation of personal information protection in tort law lies not only in the relief of damage suffered by information subject and the strengthening of boundaries of personal information rights, but also in restricting the possible infringement of personal information from public power, and clearly regulating the use of personal information by information operators and providing direction warnings of "negative adjustment". Therefore, the theory reasons for the protection of personal information in tort law are not limited to the theory of human rights protection, but also from multi-dimensional perspectives such as economic analysis theory, risk control theory, business income risk theory and corporate social responsibility theory. From the perspective of the above theories, the personal information tort liability system should become the "ballast stone" of personal information private law protection in the era of big data. In fact, the perfect system of personal information tort liability should be an important yardstick to measure the personal information integration protection system using public and private law at the same time and the modernization level of its governance ability.

Abstract:While the virtual currency represented by bitcoin is favored by people, it has also become the object of criminal profit. From the perspective of dogmatics, criminal cases involving bitcoin should not be regulated by charges of monetary crimes or infringement of property law interests. "Money theory" shows that bitcoin has the same property as money by analogy from the basic functions of money, the role played by money and the basis of the issue of money. "Property theory" argues that bitcoin has property attribute from the characteristics of virtual property and the relationship between the creation of virtual property and labor. However, on the one hand, from the basic property of money, bitcoin does not meet the five basic functions of money, and the role of money does not change according to the domain in which it operates. The decentralized nature of bitcoin is designed to get rid of state control and is not compatible with the modern credit money system. On the other hand, people have not realized the possibility of management and transfer of virtual property. In addition, from the perspective of normative justification, the property attribute of virtual property is more difficult to be supported. From the perspective of interpretive theory, we cannot find the justification basis for the property attribute of virtual property. Therefore, both "money theory" and "property theory" have a blind spot in reasoning. From the perspective of national policies, bitcoin has been negatively evaluated by China's policies due to its speculative risks, easy to trigger financial crimes such as money laundering, and impact on the country's monetary system. Meanwhile, the "mining" industry wastes a lot of social resources. Protecting bitcoin under charges of monetary crimes and property interests also runs counter to national policy.

Abstract:The characteristics of blockchain technology, on the one hand, lay the possibility of its application in finance, which is an important cornerstone of civilized society, and on the other hand, lay the clues for the illegal risks in blockchain financial activities. Based on the actual financial application scenario of blockchain technology, the risk of illegal application of blockchain technology in the financial field is firstly reflected in the promotion of cryptocurrency-based blockchain financial ecology for fraudulent purchase of foreign exchange crimes and money laundering crimes. Blockchain ICO and other centralized financial activities have brought about the risk of disrupting the financial order, such as insider trading crimes and financial fraud crimes. The further development and application of blockchain technology has also given rise to crime forms in decentralized scenarios based on smart contracts. Thinking about the rule of blockchain financial crimes, the lack of current law norms and the risk endogenous nature of blockchain technology have jointly led to the difficulty of identifying related crimes. Therefore, to better cope with the criminal law risks in blockchain finance, it is necessary to follow the principle of internal and external distinction to regulate the relevant risks. From an external perspective, to bring blockchain financial crimes into the rule of criminal law, the criminal law characterization of cryptocurrencies must first be re-evaluated. In this regard, the nature of different cryptocurrencies should be discussed on a case-by-case basis. At the same time, it is also necessary to clarify the legal status of the subjects of blockchain technology development, and reasonably define the platform responsibilities of relevant blockchain enterprises and the way of supervision. The current one-size-fits-all regulatory approach should be rethought, and a regulatory sandbox model with inclusive features should be adopted to allow relevant enterprises to carry out disruptive innovations within a controlled scope, and to reasonably set platform responsibilities based on an inclusive and prudent regulatory approach. As far as the internal perspective is concerned, the rules of governance in the blockchain field also require blockchain enterprises to integrate criminal compliance requirements as internal control means. Specifically, domestic enterprises involved in blockchain information services should effectively fulfill domestic regulatory requirements; enterprises involved in blockchain financial services should effectively fulfill their anti-money laundering obligations and integrate FATF and domestic regulations of various countries to do their compliance work; enterprises involved in blockchain financial transactions should pay close attention to the criminal risks of financial transactions, establish and improve criminal compliance for financial and securities crimes; domestic and foreign enterprises involved in the development of blockchain smart contracts should actively promote the integration of corporate criminal compliance and blockchain code. By improving the regulation and rules of blockchain both internally and externally, and prompting the criminal law to respond positively to blockchain financial crimes, it will help to better promote innovation in the field of blockchain finance and help China's digital economy to move steadily and far.

Abstract:Common prosperity is the basic goal of Marxism and the human dreams since ancient times. It is not only an essential requirement of socialism, but also an important feature of Chinese-style modernization, and a major responsibility of the Party and government. The Communist Party of China has taken it as its original aspiration and mission to seek happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation since its founding. Over the past 100 years since its founding, the CPC has always taken common prosperity as the focus of fulfilling its original aspiration and mission, constantly creating great achievements worthy of the times, the people, and history, and constantly deepening its systematic thinking on major theoretical and practical issues concerning common prosperity. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core has adhered to a people-centered development philosophy and implemented a new vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. Both take a long-term perspective, and based on the present, the Party leads the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to win the battle against poverty, build a well-off society in an all-round way on Chinese land, promoting all people's common prosperity, answering common prosperity theory logic and realistic foundation from a theoretical and practical dimension, manifesting the historical context and value orientation of common prosperity, forming the theory of common prosperity in the new era. Looking back on the Party's one hundred years history, the Party has always insisted on the guide of Marxism, been closely around the subject of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, deepening the theoretical and practical explore on realizing common prosperity, continuing to deepen the theoretical understanding of common prosperity, successfully founding the way to achieve common prosperity with Chinese characteristics. The theory of common prosperity in the new era has a profound historical origin and a solid theoretical basis. It reflects the distinctive mark of the new way of Chinese style modernization and the historical initiative spirit of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides scientific guidance for the realization of high-quality economic development and has profound value implication and strategic direction. Based on the new stage of development, we should carry out the new development concept, build a new development pattern, and promote the high-quality development. We should also establish a new view on development, wealth, distribution, common prosperity of socialist country, and perfect the social safety net with Chinese characteristics. We need to make persistent efforts to achieve more tangible progress toward common prosperity.

Abstract:Xi Jinping once stressed in the national propaganda and ideological work conference that, "Ideological work is an extremely important work of the Party. We must hold the leadership, management and discourse power of ideological work firmly in our hands, and at no time can we neglect it." The internet has become a new space for consensus building. It is vital to enhance the leading power of the mainstream ideology of the internet. However, the leading ability of the current network mainstream ideology cannot fully adapt to the complexity of cyberspace, the leading mechanism cannot fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the object, the leading methods are lack of effectiveness, the leading resources integration is limited, and the leading force cannot be fully formed, which cannot fully adapt to and meet the needs of ideological construction in the new era. According to the research, the big data approach meets the requirements of the leading force of the mainstream ideology of the network, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects:first, big data accurately captures the risk points of the network ideology; second, big data timely grasps the interest points of the network ideology; third, big data links and integrates the resources of the network ideology; and fourth, big data integrates into the "network" life circle of the public in the new era. Therefore, the application of big data thinking and methods can improve the leading power of mainstream ideology in the following four aspects:first, improve the leading ability of the leading subject, and improve the leading subject's ability by establishing big data awareness, actively learning big data technology and being good at applying big data technology. The second is to stimulate the motivation of the objects to participate in the guidance, and stimulate the motivation of the objects by optimizing the decision-making mechanism of ideological guidance, enhancing the dynamic mechanism of ideological guidance, and optimizing the coordination mechanism of ideological guidance. The third is to gather a comprehensive thought leading force, through accurately capturing the explosion points of the internet, accurately identifying the interests of netizens, accurately grasping the demands of netizens, and actively integrating into the life circle of netizens. Fourth, enhance the effectiveness of the thought leading process by establishing the concept of big data integration resources for sharing and governance, developing a win-win big data sharing platform, and implementing the integration mechanism of big data grid resource management. Through the above four aspects, we can effectively enhance the leading force of mainstream ideology in cyberspace.