Abstract:This article is based on a comprehensive and systematic interpretation of the important constitutional spirit contained in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s article "Writing a New Chapter in the Practice of China’s Constitution in a New Era—Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Publication and Implementation of the Current Constitution". It will focus on the theoretical proposition of "strengthening the construction of Chinese constitutional discipline system, academic system and discourse system" as highlighted in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s article. From the "triple dimension" of discipline system, academic system and discourse system, through a careful and thoughtful analysis of how to improve the constitutional theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and how to enhance the discourse of Chinese constitutional law in the international academic arena of constitutional law, it puts forward many targeted countermeasures and suggestions, which is an innovative academic attempt to organically combine Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law with the academic philosophy of Chinese constitutional jurisprudence.

Abstract:According to the 20th CPC National Congress Report, we will promote coordinated development among regions and thoroughly implement the strategy of coordinated development among regions, major regional strategies, the strategy of functional zones, and the strategy of a new type of urbanization. Although the development of the interprovincial borderline area on the geographical and administrative edge is an important bearing place of the above national strategies, it has always been a prominent weak link in the regional coordinated development of China due to various reasons. How to focus on the difficult and painful points in the development of border areas and promote small-scale, cross-regional and relatively accurate cooperation between provincial border areas is an important breakthrough to implement national strategies and promote regional coordinated development to a higher quality and deeper level. In this paper, the boundary area of three provinces of Hubei, Henan and Shanxi, which is located in the superposition area of several national strategic plans, the optimization area of regional coordinated development layout, the ecological resources agglomeration area of South-to-North water transfer, and the Qinba Mountain poverty alleviation model area, is selected as the unique research object. Based on the border area in economy, industry, population, transportation, innovation of property and relational data, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial development characteristics of the Hubei-Henan-Shanxi border area from the perspectives of regional internal development and regional external connection as well as the spatial scale of cities and districts. Results show: EYuShan border area economic development has obviously inadequate and unbalanced characteristics, although the county economic development level between the spatial agglomeration rising, the spatial agglomeration is still at a lower level, and mainly reflected in the agglomeration characteristics in the province, the administrative border to border area development block effect is obvious; In the border area, the industry correlation is weak and the industry homogenization is serious. The boundary area and adjacent area formed the "depression" of population outflow and showed obvious characteristics of population contraction. The transportation infrastructure is weak and the inter-regional transportation network accessibility is low. Weak cooperation in science, technology and innovation and insufficient impetus don’t meet to innovative development; The form of regional cooperation is single, and the impetus of regional cooperation is insufficient. To solve the above problems, from the regional cooperation model, traffic infrastructure construction, ecological environment development and opening to the outside world, this article further puts forward EYuShan border regional coordinated development path and measures, explore the administrative subordination relations not change under the prerequisite of the implementation to promote the development of regional cooperation between the EYuShan path. It is proposed that the spatial structure of the borderline area should be optimized by building a new model of "four-height" development and constructing a demonstration area of interprovincial adjacent and integration in the central and western regions, so as to provide experience and reference for promoting inter-regional cooperation of the interprovincial borderline area.

Abstract:In the process of urbanization and industrialization in China, environmental pollution has always been one of the most concerned issues. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that we should focus on key tasks such as the defense of the blue sky, continue to promote pollution prevention and control, strengthen the protection and restoration of ecosystems, expand green environmental protection industries, vigorously promote green development, and continue to improve the quality of the ecological environment. Compared with the serious "urban disease" caused by traffic pollutants in Chinese cities, high-speed rail (HSR) is one of the most sustainable green transportation infrastructures. This paper studies the impact of HSR on the environmental pollution and its mechanism by employing a spatial econometric model and an intermediary effect model with the panel data of 285 cities in 2010-2018. The empirical results show that: 1) The urban environmental pollution in China has significant spatial spillover effects, which means that environmental pollution control should follow the strategy of regional joint prevention and control. 2) HSR can reduce environmental pollution. Compared with cities without HSR, the annual average PM_2.5 concentration, nitrogen oxide emissions per unit of GDP, and industrial wastewater discharge per unit of GDP in HSR cities are reduced by 1.5%, 11.4%, and 12%, respectively. 3) HSR’s reduction effect on the environmental pollution is significant in the eastern and western regions, while that in non-central cities is greater than in central cities, indicating that HSR network can reduce the imbalance of urban ecological efficiency to a certain extent and contribute to the coordinated development of the environment. 4) HSR reduce the environmental pollution by increasing the total factor productivity. This paper provides a theoretical reference for realizing the inhibitory effect of HSR on urban environmental pollution, and provides the following policy references for the construction and development of HSR: 1) China’s high-speed rail is an important infrastructure that changes the spatial and geographical pattern of cities, and environmental pollution has significant spatial spillover effects. Therefore, the regional joint prevention and control strategies for environmental pollution should be considered from the perspective of urban spatial geography, especially considering academic discussions and policies. The effect of HSR network layout on environmental pollution, which is rarely discussed in practice, has important theoretical and practical value. 2) The opening of high-speed rail has a heterogeneous effect on restraining urban environmental pollution. Further promoting the construction of new transportation infrastructure in the central and western regions and non-central cities, and promoting the modernization and efficiency improvement of the intercity transportation network, will not only help the local economic development, but also be conducive to the protection of the ecological environment.

Abstract:The high-speed railway expansion is a landmark and significant event in the history of China’s transportation infrastructure construction, which has profound impact on regional factor flow, economic activities and industrial spatial pattern. It is significant to probethe relationship between the opening of high-speed rail(HSR) and industrial agglomeration for the appropriateplanning of HSR infrastructureand promoting high-quality development. The article explores the spatial spillover effects and mechanisms of tertiary industry agglomeration caused by the opening of HSR, and focuses on the mechanism of the effect of knowledge spillover resulting from labor mobility on tertiary industry agglomeration based on the space-time effect of HSR. By constructing a Spatial Difference-In-Difference Model (SDID) and using the panel data of 108 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB) from 2007-2018, thepaper empirically evaluates the impact of the opening of HSR on tertiary industry agglomeration in the YREB. Further, not only the coefficient of the spatial lag term is used to judge the existence of spatial spillover effect, but also the indirect effect to measure the extent of the spatial spillover effect. Since the uneven distribution of HSR network, the disparity in economic development, and the potential differences in the effects ofthe opening of HSR in cities with different resource endowments in YREB, this paper examines the heterogeneity of the impact of HSR on the tertiary industry agglomeration by region and sub-sector as well as empirically testing the transmission mechanism of the impact of HSR on the tertiary industry from the perspective of labor transfer. The study results show that:1)HSR not only has a noticeable positive effect on tertiary industry agglomeration in cities along the YREB, but also its spatial spillover effect obviously facilitates industrial agglomeration in neighboring cities. 2)Heterogeneity test indicates that the positive effect of HSR on the level of tertiary industry agglomeration in eastern cities is higher than that of in central cities, while there is no distinct effect on tertiary industry agglomeration in western cities of YREB. In addition, the effect of HSR on different sectors varies significantly, especially on the agglomeration levels of wholesale and retail, public administration, social security and social organizations, and education.3)The test of influence mechanism suggests that the HSR expands the scope of free labor mobility resulting in knowledge spillover which brings about tertiary industry agglomeration, and that labor transfer is also an important transmission mechanism of the effect of HSR on tertiary industry agglomeration in central cities. Therefore, cities without HSR should accelerate the construction of HSR network and optimize the industrial spatial pattern; central and eastern regions should increase the undertaking of medium to high-end industries in the tertiary industry to prompt industrial upgrading; as well as western regions should give full play to the spatial reconfiguration effect of HSR on labor factors to prevent widening gap between regions. This paper introduces the spatial spillover effect into the SDID to determine whether and to what extent the spatial spillover effect of tertiary industry agglomeration caused by HSR is present. Besides, the heterogeneity under the dual influence of "siphon effect" and "radiation effect" is examined from the perspective of labor mobilityunder the "space-time compression" effect. This enriches the theoretical research on the impact of HSR construction on the tertiary industry agglomeration and provides an important reference for the synergy between HSR construction planning and tertiary industry clustering.

Abstract:At the fifth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Committee of the Communist Party of China in August 2019, it is emphasized that central cities and urban agglomerations are becoming the main spatial forms that carry development elements. Under the new situation, it is necessary to promote coordinated regional development and create a balance in development. At present, the regional economic development orientation of increasing the primacy of cities and strengthening the role of central cities in various regions of China with economic development as the core goal will lead to the formation of the siphon effect of the central city on the surrounding areas, deteriorating the coordinated development of the region, or will it form a stronger leading role, expand its radiation diffusion range, and narrow the development gap within the region? The research aims to analyze the important spatial form of China at this stage, the urban agglomeration, and the impact of the change of the central city’s primacy on the overall economic growth and coordinated development of the region. At the theoretical level, the study analyzes the agglomeration and diffusion effects of central cities and the mechanism of coordinated regional development based on the theory of regional non-equilibrium development and the inverted U-shaped model of optimal urban scale, and constructs a mechanism for the formation of the central city’s primacy on the coordinated development of regional economy. The theoretical framework includes three aspects: the inhibitory effect of the central city on the coordinated development of the region under the agglomeration effect, the promotion effect of the central city on the coordinated development of the region under the diffusion effect, and the mechanism of the different primacy levels of the central city. The changes in different stages of regional economic development and their internal mechanism are analyzed. At the empirical level, the study takes the nineteen major urban agglomerations in China as the research object, uses the panel data of the nineteen major urban agglomerations in China from 2006 to 2017 to carry out fixed effects analysis, and controls the endogeneity problem of the model through the endogeneity test. In order to further explore the nonlinear effect of the central city primacy on the coordinated development of the regional economy, the study further analyzes the effect of the central city primacy on the regional economic coordination through the interaction model of the government’s strategic planning guidance and regional institutional policies, and the identification of the central city primacy distribution. The impact of development and the impact of government strategic planning, regional institutions. The study found that: First, the primacy of central cities has an inverted U-shaped effect on economic growth. Second, the primacy of the central city has a positive U-shaped effect on the coordinated development of the regional economy. Third, the emergence of the national central city policy will further promote the siphon effect of central cities. Although the administrative division does not affect the overall economic growth of the urban agglomeration, it will lead to the widening of the development gap between different provinces within the urban agglomeration. Fourth, urban agglomerations that are still being cultivated and immature in the central and western regions of China should focus on the construction and development of sub-center cities and small and medium-sized cities, and promote the formation of a gradient urban agglomeration structure system in the region.

Abstract:With the improvement of urbanization and the development of urban clusters, optimizing the spatial structure of urban system has become important power in releasing the potential regional efficiency in China. After combing through academic history, it could be found that there are obvious differences in the spatial structure efficiency among urban systems in different countries or locations. Therefore, it is not clear whether single-center or multi-center structure is more conducive to efficiency improvement. However, with continuous spatial structure evolution, it is inaccurate to statically evaluate the efficiency of the urban system structure without the process of dynamic adjustment of industrial firms. The reason lies in that for the area where the industry is net outflow, no matter what the spatial structure, the probability of efficiency loss is higher. This paper innovatively integrates the process of firms’ entry and exit into the construction of urban agglomeration indicator, and measures the urban productivity on the basis of recalculating the depreciation rate and capital stock, so as to use the spatial econometric model to test the theoretical mechanism that affects the spatial efficiency of the urban system. It is found that the multi-center urban system structure is more conducive to the improvement of regional productivity, which needs to be integrated into the process of dynamic industrial agglomeration. This result further shows that ignoring the process of firms’ entry and exit may lead to biased results and lack of explanatory power. Meanwhile, the urban scale efficiency has been significantly improved, while it is not conducive to the improvement of technological progress and technological efficiency. It is also found that the polycentric features of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are weak, which needs spatial efficiency improvement. In contrast, the multi-center structure and industrial agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations have performed better synergy effect. In addition, industries may be dynamically adjusted within the urban system, resulting in an uneven distribution of productivity among cities. Further research shows that the polycentric structure and industrial dynamic agglomeration are conducive to the coordination of urban productivity. However, it is also found that it is more conducive to the efficiency improvement of large-scale cities, but restricts the development of small cities, which alludes to the fact that in the process of multi-center structure forming, large-scale cities are still the biggest takers of benefits. Although the spatial measurement model could weaken the endogenous effect, this paper uses urban surface roughness and regional river density as the instrumental variables of industrial agglomeration and urban system structure referring to the existing research, so as to reduce the empirical bias. The result shows no fundamental change. This paper also uses the adjusted Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the transforming primacy index and the per capita GDP to conduct robustness tests to enhance the credibility of the conclusions. The results of the influence mechanism test show that the process of dynamic industrial agglomeration among cities has accelerated the polycentric urban system, and the process of market integration has effectively released the spatial efficiency of the multi-center city system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the coupling and synergy relation between the urban system and the dynamic agglomeration of industries, meanwhile to promote market integration to further release the potential efficiency. At the same time, while highlighting the dominant position of central cities, it also needs to pay more attention to coordinated development of small and medium-sized cities, and to build a virtuous circle system within the urban agglomerations under the framework of dual-circulation development in China.

Abstract:Under the background that the division of labor within products has become the main international division of labor, the research on the impact of independent innovation and foreign technology spillovers on the rise of the manufacturing value chain is important for promoting China’s industry toward the middle and high end of the global value chain and fostering several world-class advanced manufacturing clusters. As far as the goal is concerned, it has a very realizing and important role. In order to explore the effects of independent innovation and foreign technology spillovers on the ascent of the manufacturing value chain, and to further clarify the role of a country’s technology absorptive capacity in this process, the article first analyzes the effects of independent innovation and foreign technology spillovers on manufacturing at the theoretical level. On this basis, with the help of the 2018 TIVA database, the global value chain status index of China’s manufacturing industry during the 11 years from 2005 to 2015 is calculated, and then the industry level is constructed. The panel data, using fixed-effects model, quantile regression, panel Tobit and other research methods, is employed to empirically test the influence and mechanism of manufacturing independent innovation and foreign technology spillovers on the rise of global value chains. The research results show that independent innovation is the main engine driving the rise of China’s manufacturing global value chain status; while technology spillovers caused by foreign patent applications and technology spillovers caused by foreign investment have hindered the rise of China’s manufacturing global value chain, and are the main factor of "low-end lock-in" in the manufacturing global value chain of China. However, technology spillovers caused by foreign patent applications and technology spillovers caused by foreign investment can both be digested and absorbed by the manufacturing industry and have a positive impact on the rise of the global value chain of China’s manufacturing industry. Technology spillovers are the key to promoting the rise of its global value chain. However, this key role shows obvious industry heterogeneity, and the estimation results of the indirect effects of foreign capital technology spillovers in some industries are not obvious. This may be because the overall technological level of China’s manufacturing industry is still far behind that of developed countries, and its ability to absorb and digest foreign technology spillovers is not strong. Furthermore, based on the research methods of indirect effect analysis, heterogeneity test and panel instrumental variable method, the article once again clarifies that there is a large technological gap between China and foreign countries, the quality of human capital in China is low, and the development focus of different technology industries is different. The influence of manufacturing independent innovation and foreign technology spillovers on the promotion of its status in the global value chain is heterogeneous. Obviously, these research conclusions have very important enlightenment significance for thinking about how to realize the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry according to its own development and cultivate several world-class advanced manufacturing clusters under the background of the division of labor in the global value chain.

Abstract:The strategy of rural revitalization is an inevitable requirement to solve the major social contradictions in China, to achieve the "two centenary goals" and to achieve common prosperity for all people. Scientific evaluation of the implementation effect of the rural revitalization strategy is of great significance for promoting the rural revitalization strategy. According to the general requirements of the rural revitalization strategy, this research constructs a provincial rural revitalization evaluation index system containing 21 basic indicators from five dimensions of "prosperous industry, livable ecology, civilized rural style, effective governance, and affluent life", and analyzes the development level and change trend of rural revitalization in 31 provinces of China by using the entropy weight TOPSIS method and Moran index. The study finds that: the overall level of rural revitalization in China shows a growth trend, especially after 2018. However, at present, the level of rural revitalization is still low, and the comprehensive scores of the two subsystems, namely, rural ethics civilization and effective governance, have declined, showing a marked retrogression. Most provinces lag behind the average level in development, which is the weak link in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. At present, compared with other subsystems, the development of the industrial prosperity system is the slowest, and the regional differences of the livable ecology and affluent life systems are the most obvious. The eastern region is better developed, while the western region is less developed. The overall and local Moran indexes show that the level of rural revitalization is characterized by spatial aggregation. The provinces with high (low) rural revitalization scores are relatively close in geographical location, and the regional differences are obvious. The overall distribution is characterized by "high in the east and low in the west". However, the spatial pattern is not stable, and the regional differences are narrowing over time. To this end, this study puts forward corresponding policy recommendations: first, strengthen the supervision of rural revitalization implementation to ensure the effectiveness of rural development; second, strengthen the construction of rural spiritual civilization and improve the rural governance system; third, vigorously develop rural industries with distinctive advantages to promote the prosperity of rural industries; fourth, strengthen the policy of rural revitalization and narrow the differences in rural development.

Abstract:Facing the dual crisis of global warming and energy shortage, China has clearly put forward the strategic goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and the Report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the key role of green low-carbon industry and green low-carbon lifestyle in achieving high-quality development. In this context, discussing the energy consumption and carbon emissions in-depth of households, an important energy-consuming sector, is of great significance for exploring effective paths for household carbon emission reduction. This paper takes the indirect energy consumption, which accounts for the main energy consumption of households, as the research object. Based on the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper applies the Consumer Lifestyle Approach to measure household indirect carbon emissions, and constructs a two-way fixed effect model to empirically analyze the impact of internet usage on household carbon emissions. On this basis, the mediation effect model and the Bootstrap method are jointly used to verify the effect path of internet usage on household indirect carbon emissions. Further, from the three different perspectives of household location, urban and rural categories, and income level, the paper discusses the heterogeneous impact of internet use on household indirect carbon emissions. The results are as follows: firstly, internet usage positively promotes household indirect carbon emissions, and shows the most significant increasing effect on enjoyment-oriented consumption carbon emissions and development-oriented consumption carbon emissions, while it has no significant effect on survival-oriented consumption carbon emissions. Secondly, internet usage shows a positive impact on household carbon emissions mainly through the mediating variable which is online shopping. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis indicates that: internet usage has a significant positive impact on household carbon emissions in the eastern, central and western regions, and the intensity of the effect decreased in turn from the central, the western to the eastern regions; the impact of internet usage on urban household carbon emissions is mainly composed of enjoyment-oriented and development-oriented consumption carbon emissions, and the impact on rural household carbon emissions is mainly composed of enjoyment-oriented and survival-oriented consumption carbon emissions; in terms of income level, the positive impact of internet usage on household indirect carbon emissions is mainly reflected in higher-income households, but the impact on middle-income and lower-income households is not significant. Therefore, in the process of internet accelerating development, try to promote the effective integration of low-carbon economy and internet development, strengthen the construction of internet connotation and ecological governance, guide the internet users to increase their awareness of environmental protection, and encourage households to shift their consumption to green patterns under the conditions of ensuring the improvement of residents’ living standards. In these ways, to lay a good micro-foundation for the realization of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

Abstract:As the most active factor in production relations, talents play a more important role in promoting social development and progress than energy, capital and other factors, and become the most creative strategic resources. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that "talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driver of growth. We will fully implement the strategy for invigorating China through science and education, the workforce development strategy, and the innovation-driven development strategy. We will open up new areas and new arenas in development and steadily foster new growth drivers and new strengths". Its strategic orientation is directly aimed at high-quality development, rejuvenation of the country and building a world power. Talents are the foundation of innovation, and innovation driven development is essentially talent driven. However, from the current situation of innovation driven development in China, we are mainly facing a series of development problems, such as the relatively low proportion of high-level talents, the unbalanced development of regional talents, and the lack of innovative vitality of talents. To a certain extent, this restricts the construction of a talent-strong country and the great rejuvenation process. To solve these historical problems, we need to find answers in talent development and governance. As China as a whole enters a new stage of development, urban agglomerations represented by the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Chengdu-Chongqing region and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, as the key engine of regional integration development and the main carrier of talent innovation and agglomeration, play an important role in high-quality economic and social development. After several rounds of fierce competition for talent, talent competition in regional urban agglomerations has gradually evolved from a simple competition in quantity and scale to a comprehensive competition in talent value creation level and talent ecosystem. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of talent ecosystem construction is of great significance for promoting the optimization and upgrading of regional urban agglomeration industrial structure and the integrated development of regional talents. In view of the deficiency that existing studies mostly focus on building objective indicator systems from a macro perspective, ignoring the subjective feelings of talents, which leads to biased empirical results, this paper takes Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration as the research object, constructs a subjective and objective indicator evaluation system of regional urban agglomeration talent ecosystem under the Chinese scenario, and uses K-means clustering and grey correlation degree to compare and analyze the change laws and correlation degree of indicators. The research finds that the talent ecosystem of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration has gone through three stages of development: starting improvement, rapid improvement and key adjustment. Among them, the contribution coefficient of policy environment to talent ecosystem is the highest, the improvement of the economic environment is the most obvious, and the living environment shows a significant downward trend. From the perspective of regional development, there are obvious differences in the development of talent ecosystem within Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, and the radiation and driving ability of central cities and the functional role of regional cities need to be further strengthened. Therefore, Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration can promote the high-quality development of talents from the following three aspects: first, the new driving force of economic development should be strengthened to attract talents through multiple channels; second, the people-oriented talent value concept should be implemented to create a talent ecosystem that is close and pleasant; third, the development of human resources service industry should be accelerated to build an efficient and high-quality talent ecosystem.

Abstract:The Party Central Committee and the State Council have been deeply involved in the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education for a long time, and have continuously strengthened the talent support for modernization. Cities are "depressions" where talents gather and "highlands" where talents are used. The study of urban talent strategy is conducive to a glimpse of the basic situation of the implementation of the national talent strategy. At the same time, talents are the value source of urban creativity and an important symbol of urban attraction. Party committees and governments across the country usually attach great importance to the formulation and implementation of talent strategies in their own regions, and many cities have achieved competitive advantages in talent competition. It has become an important mission of academic research to explore the internal mechanism of urban talent attraction and scientifically answer why each city has talent attraction. However, the current academic research on the internal mechanism of talent attraction in China’s cities is not deep enough, and there is still a lack of induction and summary of the successful experience of urban talent strategy. In order to explore the basic mode of optimizing urban talent ecology to enhance talent attraction, fsQCA (fuzzy sets QCA) is used to explore and study 32 cities in China from the perspective of configuration about the relationship between talent ecology and talent attraction, and explore the path selection scheme to enhance the city’s talent attraction. The research finds that: (1) A single element of talent ecology does not constitute a necessary condition for a high city’s talent attraction, but optimizing the science and technology innovation ecology has a more general effect on improving the city’s talent attraction. (2) There are four configuration paths for different talent ecological environments to produce high urban talent attraction, namely, the social and cultural driven type under the economic leadership, the technology innovation-life-nature driven type under the economic leadership, the life-driven type under the economic leadership, and the technology-driven type. Through a brief review of talent policies and relevant factor endowments in each city, it is found that the practice of talent ecological construction in each city is highly consistent with the four configuration paths, that is, a mutually corroborating relationship has been formed. In addition, there are also two types of talent ecological configurations in cities that are not highly attractive to talents. One is that all elements of the urban talent ecology are in a non high level. The other is that under a good natural ecological environment, cities do not attach importance to economic development, scientific and technological innovation, ignore the living environment and social and cultural needs of talents, and cannot improve the attractiveness of cities to talents. In general, the induction and summary of urban talent ecological configuration path show that there are many common laws to follow in the realization of urban talent attraction, which has important implications for Chinese cities to precisely optimize talent ecology based on their own resource endowments to enhance the attractiveness to talents.

Abstract:The Cishan god in Guangde county experienced a process from the elder brother Zhang to the great Emperor Zhang, and finally returned to the territorial worship in the Jiangnan area without official title during the Five Dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to the 44 times of construction of the Zhangwang toot temple recorded in the literature, the way of building the temple has changed due to the change of the status of the Cishan god and the different management and control methods of local sacrificial rites. At the end of the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the six times of temple building were basically spontaneous acts of local people, with only one official repair. In the Song dynasty, the construction of the Zhangwang root temple was basically led by the government, and it was very frequent, with a total of 24 times. Local believers also participated in the temple building activities in various forms, sometimes by themselves, or in response to the call of local officials to donate money and goods, more often the usual incense and donations for god’s birthday party. Believers in Song and Yuan dynasties emphasized that the root temple was "paid by the emperor" and "built with the strength of the state". In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Guangde was thousands of miles away from the political center, and the status of Cishan god in the national ritual system declined. The number of construction activities of the Zhangwang root temple in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties recorded in the literature decreased greatly, only 14 times. The general trend of temple building in this period was the retreat of officials and the advancement of the people. Local people in Guangde, including managers of root temple (mainly monks in the early days, and Taoists after the Ming dynasty), local scholars (including those who returned to their hometown after resigning), businessmen, and elders, are increasingly actively involved in the construction of root temple by using their ability in local social mobilization. Although local officials will also support the temple building and participate in donations, it was more a symbolic act. Local officials, scholar-gentlemen and people in Ming and Qing dynasties believed that root temple repair should be "free of public money", and local scholar-gentlemen became the main power of temple repair. This change in the psychology of Guangde people reflects the change of construction mode of Zhangwang root temple since the Tang and Song dynasties—the retreat of officials and the advancement of the people, which also reflects the government’s policy of local worship and the change of local financial system in specific popular religious activities.

Abstract:Qunmusuo was one of the military organizations of the Prince’s Mansion in the Ming Dynasty, organized by Qianhusuo,also named "Qunmu Qianhusuo".Qunmusuo belongs to both the Prince’s mansion and the Dusi Weisuo system. It was involved in many affairs, such as breeding livestock, cultivating military colonyl and, supplying firewood and charcoal, and guarding the Prince’s mansion, which is very important to understanding the military system and seignior issues in the Ming Dynasty. However, in the past, research on the military organization of seigniors in the Ming Dynasty focused on the Wangfu Huwei, and only afew scholars paid attention to the Qunmusuo. In the early Ming Dynasty,Prince Jin’s mansion established Jinfu Qunmusuo. In the 21st year of Yongle, the Ming government allocated a thousand troops from the three guards in Taiyuan to serve Zhu Meigui, King of Pingyang. Many of them come to Linjin County, Puzhou, Pingyang Prefecture, southwest of Shanxi Province, to cultivate militarycolony land and herd horses. In the second year of Xuande, the Ming government abolished Zhu Jixuan, King of Jin, and three Taiyuan Huwei, Jinfu Qunmusuo, and Jinfu Yiweisi. A year later, soldiers accompanying Zhu Meigui were transferred to the nearby Pingyang Guard and established the Pingyang Guard’s Zhongyousuo. In the tenth year of Xuande, Zhu Meigui, King of Pingyang, was granted the title of King of Jin. The Ming court reset Jinfu Qunmusuo. This Jinfu Qunmusuo is mostly composed of troops who previously served Zhu Meigui. These officers and soldiers successively went through the process of transferring from Prince Jin’s mansion to Pingyang Wei and from Pingyang Wei back to PrinceJin’s mansion. They inherited garrison land and horse ranching land and continued to stay in southwestern Shanxi. The office of Jinfu Qunmusuo located at the King City of Jin, the military officer who served as Zhengqianhu were not allowed to leave King City. In addition, at least three Fuqianhuwas responsible for managing the military colony land, and two of them led the army to cultivate military colony land and herd horses in southwestern Shanxi. Research on the establishment and operation of the Jinfu Qunmusuo can not only effectively promote the study of Qunmusuo and deepen the understanding of the military system within the Ming government but also help to rethink the transfer and transformation relationship between the military organizations of the Prince’s mansion and General Weisuo and thus more fully understand the military management system of the Ming dynasty.

Abstract:After the Opium War, China’s tea foreign trade developed rapidly because of the strong stimulation of foreign market demand and the high price of tea. To 1888, China’s tea foreign trade ushered in the heyday. The prosperity of tea foreign trade has produced a wide range of profound social impact, mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the status of tea in foreign trade cannot be ignored. Before the 1860s, the south of China’s tea exports were mainly concentrated in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Fuzhou, the north location of the tea export was Chakotu. There has been a big increase in tea output from these regions. From 1860s to the mid-1880s, China’s tea industry was impacted by foreign tea, but China’s total tea export continued to increase. With the rapid increase in the number of tea exports, the value of tea exports maintained a high level of operation, the average proportion of tea exports accounted for half of the country’s foreign trade. Second, tea foreign trade promoted the development of related industries. The prosperity of tea foreign trade has promoted the rapid development of tea planting industry. Export-oriented tea area was booming, new tea areas continued to emerge, the old tea area production expanded, all types of tea had greater development, especially black tea was the most typical. The prosperity of tea foreign trade enlivened the capital finance industry. A large number of tea exports promoted the collection of tea tax, but also promoted the capital flow. Foreign trade in tea promoted the development of related industries. From tea collection, production, marketing, many industries were involved in, they were benefiting from the prosperity of tea foreign trade. Third, the prosperity of tea foreign trade promoted the appearance changes of tea area. The prosperity of tea foreign trade has affected the planting structure in rural areas. In areas suitable for tea cultivation, food crops and cash crop had given way to tea cultivation. The booming foreign trade in tea has increased employment opportunities. The prosperity of tea foreign trade has a profound impact on people’s ideas. People’s attitudes towards growing food, environmental protection and doing business have changed accordingly.

Abstract:No matter how perfect the tax system design is and how complicated the tax law rules are, tax evasion, tax avoidance, and tax planning are always facts that cannot be eliminated in the practice of tax law, and are also problems that the tax authorities of various countries have to face. Whether tax collection is based on form or substance has always been a controversial topic in the field of tax law. The origin and development of the principle of substantial taxation have a very similar path in continental legal system and Anglo-American legal system. In continental legal system countries, whether it is the economic observation method originated in Germany or the principle of substantive taxation principle upgraded by Japanese scholars, the establishment of the two in tax legislation was both originally derived from the need for anti-tax avoidance, both the result of the revision of tax law at that time to ensure national fiscal revenue. Judging from the evolution of the principle of substantive taxation in the Anglo-American legal system, the principle of substantive taxation has gone through the process of being denied to being allowed. Since the Anglo-American legal system is mainly based on case law, the substantive taxation principle is mainly established through the judgment of the court, which is obviously different from the continental legal system to determine the substantive taxation principle through tax legislation. From the background, anti-avoidance is the direct motivation or initial reason for the emergence or establishment of the substantive taxation principle in the tax legislation or tax judicial practice of the two legal systems. Legal substantialism and economic substantialism are applicable to different occasions in tax law. Legal substantialism should be applied in cases where the form and substance of "legal relationship" are inconsistent, while economic substantialism should be applied in cases where the legal form and the economic substance are inconsistent. Only by combining legal substantialism with economic substantialism, can we deal with various complicated tax issues and make the economy of tax coincide with the authority of law. Although the substantive taxation principle has different appellations in the two legal systems, and there are many differences between the theoretical and practical circles on the connotation and functional positioning of the substantive taxation principle, it can be found from many debates on the substantive taxation principle that the substantive taxation principle has not been completely denied, but is a technical and instrumental principle to realize the principle of tax fairness and the principle of capacity based taxation in the tax law, and an important supplement to the principle of taxation legality. Its purpose is to require taxpayers to pay taxes according to their substantial tax bearing capacity, and finally realize the fair distribution of tax burden. It should be noted that the principle of substantive taxation applies to all links of the operation of tax law, but not to all fields of all links of the operation of tax law.

Abstract:The principle of self-determined obligation is derived from the principle of equality of civil law. That is, one can only set obligations for himself, and no one can set obligations for others. The essence of concluding a contract is that a person sets debts for himself in the relative relationship. To conclude a bilateral contract is that both contracting parties set their own debts as a condition of exchange. Although the meaning of "Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory" is not clear, it is clear that the license is not unconditional, but paid. The license fee, as a license condition, should be the debt set by the implementer of the standard essential patent. When this exchange condition is not clear, it is impossible for the standard essential patentee to make a declaration of will of licensing. The FRAND commitment made by the standard essential patentee to the standard-setting organization does not contain effect meaning. It is not a juristic act. It is a factual act, an invitation to offer. The standard essential patentee has not set any debt for himself due to FRAND commitment, and the standard-setting organization and potential implementers have not obtained any creditor’s rights due to FRAND commitment. The third-party beneficiary contract comprises a master contract and a unilateral contract concluded by the debtor of the master contract who promises to the third party unilaterally. However, the standard essential patent licensing contract is a bilateral contract and an onerous contract. For this reason, there are no third-party beneficiary contracts between the standard essential patentee and the standard-setting organization. Potential implementers do not constitute third-party beneficiaries. According to the principle of self-determined obligation, even if the law can infer that the standard essential patentee sets for himself the obligation to tolerate the use of standard essential patent by potential implementers through his implied declaration of will, it cannot infer that the standard essential patentee sets for potential implementers the obligation to pay licensing fees through his implied declaration of will. We can only infer from the implied licensing rule that the license is unconditional, which conflicts with the patentee’s purpose of pursuing consideration, and the nature of the standard essential patent licensing contract. Even if the standard essential patentee has made the FRAND commitment, the relationships between him and potential implementers are still unspecified, and there is no pre-contract obligation. Potential implementers also do not enjoy any superior position based on the rights of formation. They cannot set obligations of commitment or contracting for the standard essential patentee. Otherwise, it means that the implementers can impose their will on the standard essential patentee, violating the principle of equality of civil law.

Abstract:The smart era not only has a serious impact on the traditional social trust system, but also puts forward new requirements for social governance. In essence, the emergence of blockchain technology solves the discrimination in the process of information exchange in the zero-trust internet. In practice, intelligent technology represented by blockchain has become a new anti-counterfeiting verification and authorization application technology which is replaceable, convenient and safe. The application and development of this technology provides a new development idea for social governance, especially the credit system practice in the civil field, and will solve the risk of contract system in the traditional society. As a new type of data technology, blockchain has the technical characteristics of distributed decentralization, no need for credit system, immutable and data encryption security. It can play an important role in the field of social credit and have a positive impact on the development of the rule of law in the age of wisdom. Faced with the crisis of trust in social development, it is of great social significance to explore the advantages of smart contract technology application driven by blockchain technology to promote the practical application of emerging technologies. However, in the operation process of blockchain technology, there are also uncertainties in the protection of individual rights, the instability of social and economic order, and the negative effects of the construction of social credit system. The reason lies in the technical factors such as the security risk of private key, the risk of algorithm, and the limitation of basic support in the application of blockchain. In the face of the application risk of blockchain, the traditional regulation path with rigid laws and regulations as the core has obvious lag and limitations, and the emerging technologies lacking supervision will have adverse effects on social development due to the defects of their technical logic. On the basis of clarifying the technical logic and rule characteristics of blockchain, a development road of intelligent technical regulation that conforms to the development of blockchain and matches the reality of China will be constructed. This regulation path will take soft regulation as the basic idea, introduce multiple subjects to participate in blockchain governance, to achieve a high degree of unity between code governance and legal-rational governance, formal rule of law and substantive rule of law, so as to build the legal order of intelligent society, and truly play the important role of blockchain technology in data sharing, improving collaborative efficiency, building social credit system and other fields. In the specific regulation practice of blockchain technology, it is necessary to take the overall national security concept as the value basis, build a clear data governance strategy, and conduct appropriate "regulatory sandbox" experiment, so as to complete the linkage between online and offline, and build good laws and good governance of an intelligent society. Finally, the important strategic goal of high-quality rule of law construction to ensure high-quality development can be realized.

Abstract:During the process of digital transformation promoted by modern information technology, a clear belonging of data right is the logical precondition of data economy’s healthy development, and it’s also the primary part of constructing the legal system of data property right and interest. However, China hasn’t enacted clear provision of it, and the existing theories haven’t formed consensus. The belonging of data right contains two aspects, the first one is the belonging of personality right and interest, and the second one is the belonging of property right and interest. The legislation of personal data protection and the general theory of personality right reveal that, when distinguishing personal data from non-personal data, the personality right and interest of data belong to the natural persons who are recognized or recognizable. The belonging of data property right and interest is the focus of research disputes, but it doesn’t have conclusion. Because different researchers have different points of view, and they lack convictive standards of the belonging of data right. Therefore, the key to solve the problem is researching systematically the theory basis and practice clue of allocation of property right and interest, analyzing the allocation standards of the belonging of data right from three dimensions: theoretical basis, legal standard and judicial standpoint. On the dimension of theoretical basis: we should consider the applicability of incorporation theory, projection theory, labor theory and convention theory from the philosophy of law, to figure out who invest labor and money on the data, and which belonging could meet social consensus; comb the social history context of property right allocation from the anthropology of law, to figure out who need the safeguard to promote production enthusiasm and social productivity; analyze the economic factors of property right allocation from the economics of law, to figure out who have incentive necessity and who can utilize data efficiently. On the dimension of legal standard: we should extract legislation spirit of property right allocation from the legal norm of property, intellectual property, trade secret and database, to figure out which allocation of data property right could conform to the inherent regularity of legislation. On the dimension of judicial standpoint: we should summarize the basic opinions of the judicial authority from judgement results and reasons at home and abroad, to figure out which allocation of data property right is in line with the practice of judicial authority. After analysis and verification, although the above three dimensions have different angles of view, they contain a common principle which called "the sower is the reaper" in different extent, and they tend to allocate the property right and interest of data to the subject who collects and processes the data lawfully. The subject can be called legal data controller, who determines the purposes and means of the processing of data. In practice, the data controller contains internet companies, IoT companies and artificial manufacture companies, and so on.

Abstract:With the development of modern information technology, data has become a basic factor of production alongside land, labor, capital and technology. The basic characteristics of data elements include intangibility, replicability, derivative and so on. The definition of data property rights should be reasonably adapted according to the characteristics of data rather than carrying out in full accordance with traditional concepts and methods. The reason why data can become a basic factor of production is that it has the basic utility of carrying and providing information, acting as a means of production for digital products and as a key element of the digital economy. Through the allocation of data element resources through the market, the allocation of resources can be continuously optimized, so that more resources will be used in an optimized configuration state, the utilization efficiency of resources will be improved, and the supply of market elements can be optimized. From a legal point of view, the market allocation of resources is actually the distribution and combination of resources among different entities through the transaction of rights covering resources. Since the market-oriented allocation of data elements should be realized in the form of data property rights transfer, data property rights are the necessary premise for the market-oriented allocation of data elements, and the arrangement of the data property rights system will directly affect the effect of the market-oriented allocation of data elements. Therefore, in a society ruled by law, the market-oriented allocation of data elements inevitably depends on a sound legal system for data property rights. According to the requirements of the market to allocate resources, the data property rights system should make corresponding data property rights meet the basic requirements of independence, clarity and liquidity. However, due to the particularity of data elements, it is also necessary to fully consider the characteristics of data elements and make reasonable adjustments and adaptations in the arrangement of the data property rights system. In the construction path of the data property rights system, the basic rights structure of the binary structure of the right to data source and the right to use data should be adopted. The right to data sources and the right to use data are the basic rights of the data property rights system. The right to data source is the right enjoyed by the contributor to the original source of the data, and the right to informed consent, the right to maintain the authenticity of the data, the right to exclude the infringement of data use, and the right to participate in the distribution of the proceeds of the use should be stipulated according to the basic interests enjoyed by the data source holder for the data. The right to use data is the right of the right holder to control, development, license and dispose of the data elements in accordance with law, including data control rights, data development rights, data licensing rights, data disposal rights and other specific data rights. The right to use data is the main form of rights for the market-oriented allocation of data elements, so the legal system of data use rights should give the right to use data a high degree of liquidity. For public data property rights, corresponding provisions should be made on the basis of distinguishing between public data without source right subjects and government public data (government data). The government has the right to use public data, but it cannot exercise this right for profit.

Abstract:The common value of mankind is the value belief, value ideal, value standard and value orientation that reflect the interests and needs of the people of various countries, nations and regions in the world, and transcend the boundaries of specific subjects such as religions, classes, strata, and parties at multiple levels. The common value of mankind conforms to the ethical value thought of Marxism, and focuses on the values of Marx’s pursuit of free individuality and the freedom and liberation of all human beings. Marx’s ethical thought highlights the dual dimensions of "criticism" and "construction": while criticizing the social ethics concept of traditional western philosophy, it proposes to construct an ethical concept based on human needs and practical practice, and finally establish a value consensus that conforms to human life existence and the ideal of freedom and liberation. The community with a shared future for mankind and the common values of mankind have the same ethical orientation, which reflects the value needs of human survival, the development of international social relations, and the construction of world political order. The construction of common human values is a long historical process, and building a community with a shared future for mankind is an effective initiative to correct the direction of this historical progress. It reflects the practical basis and foundation of existentialism of the reality of common human values in a real, equal and just communication environment, and the constructive force for the creation of global ethical concepts and value forms. The "constructive worldview" is the conclusion drawn from the continuous expansion and deepening of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is the philosophical thinking that meets the current common interests of people all over the world and relieves the development dilemma. Building a community with a shared future for mankind is an effective program for the practice of "constructive worldview". The purpose of building common values is to resolve the crisis of value differentiation and spiritual loss in the era of globalization, and to gather the ethical forces of human synergy to assist political governance to complete the integration of human society and meet the fundamental needs of the entire human race. The main body of common value construction is all mankind, which relies on the common practice of all mankind, and building a community with a shared future for mankind is the only way to reach a consensus on value. China’s initiative to build a community with a shared future for mankind is guided by Marxist ethical thought, based on people’s perceptual practice and inspiring people’s practice to freely and consciously tend to value consensus, making value consensus an essential force inherent in human existence and practical development, to strongly promote the construction of common values for all mankind.

Abstract:According to the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), we must persevere in advancing rural revitalization across the board. Using advanced technical means to promote the modernization of grassroots governance in rural areas is not only an important category of social governance, but also the foundation and basic guarantee for realizing the strategy of rural revitalization. In advancing grassroots social governance in rural areas, the transformation from authority governance to technical governance has become an irresistible trend, and technology can tackle or is tackling some long-term accumulated difficulties in grassroots governance. From traditional authority governance to modern technical governance to overall governance, the model of grassroots governance in rural areas is not an inflexible theoretical and practical system. Driven by the internet of things, big data and intelligent technology, information technology has been improving the efficiency, reshaping the pattern and tackling difficult problems of governance. There is much inner coherence between the marked feature of information technology and grassroots governance. By means of modern technology and innovation mode, information technology and artificial intelligence technology are affecting and changing grassroots governance, causing transformations of its internal governance mechanisms in goals, decisions and benefits. The close integration of information technology innovation and rural governance will promote the application of information technology in rural areas, change the paradigm of rural governance, and add new energy and vitality to rural governance. Big data technology, intelligent technology and internet of things technology can be applied to quickly collect, exploit, analyze, study, predict and share the existing data in rural areas, which will provide normal data and information for accurate prediction and scientific decision-making of rural grassroots governance, making rural grassroots governance more refined and intelligent and promoting the accurate process of grassroots governance. Relying on their own strength, villagers are trying to reshape the grassroots governance model and find a way out of the involution of rural society with the help of science and technology, which will promote the overall progress and development of rural economy and other undertakings and truly realize self-governance by villagers. The application of big data technology will help to solve the pain points for people’s livelihood, ensure people’s safety, lay a foundation for people’s livelihood and promote comprehensive governance. The fruits will benefit all villagers, which means "sharing", and meet people’s sense of gain, happiness and security. By relying on and using intelligent technical means to provide flexible and innovative measures and solutions of grassroots governance in a comprehensive, wide and deep way, intelligent governance can better reflect a tacit and harmonious symbiotic relationship between people and technology. Technology must continue to be integrated into rural grassroots governance, root internet thinking in the innovation process of grassroots governance system. Based on the actual needs of rural residents, we must innovate governance means so as to promote the high and deep integration of technological development and grassroots governance. However, technology is not neutral. Only by establishing good legal norms can we maintain social stability and order. The integration of technical governance into rural areas is a gradual process. We should adopt differentiated technological innovation strategy according to the actual situation and explore the innovation path of rural grassroots governance. Since the ultimate advantage of technical governance lies in its standardization and rationality, the capacity of grassroots governance needs to rely more on the overall governance of the whole region and all elements to be improved constantly. Technical governance must be guaranteed by the system which features standardizing and regulating technology and comprehensively plan the comprehensive governance mechanism of various grassroots departments and institutions, so as to stimulate the endogenous growth momentum of grassroots governance and promote the modernization process of rural grassroots governance.