Abstract:The Chongqing Metropolitan Area Development Plan published in 2022 clearly includes-Sichuan Guang'an into the Chongqing Metropolitan Area, while creates an important growth pole for high-quality development, it will also take lead and boldly exploring the integrated development of inter-provincial border areas. Due to the differences in administrative affiliation of cities on both sides of the border, there are high costs of inter-regional policy coordination, which is not conducive to the construction of an efficient regional cooperation mechanism, and is affected by local protection and market segmentation, and it is difficult to form a regional unified market. Under the combined effect of the above factors, the inter-provincial border areas have fallen into growth difficulties and become "depressions" for regional economic development. The inter-provincial border is a typical area with prominent contradictions and problems in the development of regional economy. Will inter-provincial borders hinder economic development in inter-provincial border areas? And through what influence mechanisms do they work? To find out the causes of backward economic development in border areas and explore the mechanism of border's influence on regional economy not only provide useful reference for the construction of cross-provincial metropolitan areas, but also have great significance for achieving common prosperity. For a long time in the past, competition rather than cooperation, segmentation rather than integration was the dominant strategy of local governments. Because the lower level of local governments could not directly influence the decision-making of the upper level of government, the border areas could only passively accept the adverse consequences brought by inter-provincial competition. From the perspective of government, differences in administrative ownership will increase the cost of coordination between governments, and it is difficult to form a regional cooperation mechanism of co-construction and sharing, which is not conducive to improving regional productivity. From the perspective of market, the difference of administrative ownership will lead to the segmentation of the regional market by administrative barriers and the existence of higher institutional costs in economic activities. Although market segmentation protects the share of local enterprises in the provincial market, the border area is relatively far from the provincial market, and there is a high transportation cost. Based on the analysis above, and based on the panel data of Chongqing Municipality established in 1997 to benefit 266 cities from 1993 to 2020, this paper uses synthetic control method to construct a counterfactual control group, and evaluates the economic effects of inter-provincial boundaries by comparing the differences in economic development paths between the experimental group and the counterfactual control group after the emergence of the "Chongqing-Sichuan" interprovincial boundary. The results show that after the establishment of Chongqing Municipality, the development path of cities located at the junction of "Chongqing-Sichuan" is significantly lower than that reflected in the counterfactual control group, and the conclusion of the paper is still valid after the placebo test, robustness test and exclusion of the competitive hypothesis, proving that the economic development of cities located in inter-provincial border areas will be adversely affected by inter-provincial boundaries under other conditions being equal. Furthermore, the results of the mechanism study show that inter-provincial boundaries will adversely affect the economic development of inter-provincial border areas through investment inhibition effect, industrial homogenization effect and expenditure substitution effect. First, it is found that the border will reduce the investment expectation of the government and enterprises in the border area, and then inhibit the level of investment in the border area. Second, the boundary increases the cost of coordination for the government when formulating industrial policies, and also impedes the natural flow of elements, resulting in industrial homogeneity in the regions on both sides of the boundary, making it difficult to form an effective spatial industrial layout. Third, the border increases administrative costs in the border areas, crowding out productive expenditures and not conducive to the formation of a favorable environment for development. In the context of regional economy entering a new stage of integrated development, on the one hand, it is necessary to break down the hidden barriers under the "administrative region economy", accelerate the construction of a unified national market, and provide a good development environment for inter-provincial border areas,on the other hand, we should actively promote system and institutional innovation, and accelerate the establishment of inter-governmental coordination and benefit-sharing mechanisms. Combined with the research content of this paper, it is suggested to actively try in the three directions of appropriate separation of administrative regions and economic zones, unified market construction in inter-provincial border areas, and unified planning of major infrastructure, so as to make up for the shortcomings of development and provide solid support for high-quality regional economic integration.

Abstract:Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is an important economic growth pole leading the development and opening up of the western region. It is of great significance to improve its level of urban resilience for promoting the high-quality development of the western region and the coordinated regional development of China. Based on the five-dimensional evaluation framework of "economy-society-ecology-infrastructure-population", this paper selects 26 indicators to construct an evaluation index system. By using the entropy-weight-TOPSIS evaluation model and obstacle degree model, the paper analyzes and identifies the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of urban resilience and its obstacle factors in Cheng-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2019. The results show that:1) From the perspective of spatial and temporal pattern evolution, the urban resilience of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration is gradually increasing and the spatial differences are gradually decreasing; the overall level of urban resilience is low, and the number of cities with low resilience and lower resilience are large and widely distributed, showing a spatial distribution pattern of "high in northwest and southeast, low in central and western regions". 2) According to the identification results of obstacle factors, the obstacles to the improvement of urban resilience of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration as a whole and its cities mainly focus on the subsystems of social resilience and infrastructure resilience. The main factors involved were medical insurance coverage, the proportion of students in ordinary (specialized) science schools, the number of health institutions, the number of public transport vehicles per 10 000 people, the density of drainage pipes and population density in built-up areas.

Abstract:Based on the background of the new development pattern of "dual circulation", firstly, this article uses the backward inference method from the perspective of the integration of internal and external, and the combination of both sides of supply and demand to construct a theoretical and logical framework for the digital economy to drive consumption growth, that is, "the new development pattern of dual circulation←domestic circulation as the main body←expansion of domestic demand←supply and demand matching←industrial structural upgrading and innovation←digital economy". Secondly, this paper selects data from 286 prefecture-level cities in China, uses cluster analysis to describe the level of digital economy development in each city and conducts a comparative analysis. It is found that there are obvious differences in the digital economy growth rate of cities at different levels. The digital economy index level of the first-tier cities of the digital economy is much higher than that of the other four-tier cities, but the growth rate of the fifth-tier cities of the digital economy far exceeds that of the first-tier cities. It can be seen from the fitting situation of the digital economy and consumption that the digital economy and consumption growth are positively correlated; the digital economy and industrial structure upgrading, industrial structure upgrading and consumption growth have a certain positive relationship, but the reality is that cities with a relatively high industrial structure optimization index have not clearly shown a corresponding good consumption momentum. The paper further establishes a moderated mediation effect model to empirically test the influence mechanism of the digital economy on consumption growth. The results show that from the full sample level, the overall effect of the digital economy on consumption growth is significantly positive, indicating that the digital economy can play a certain role in promoting consumption and stimulating domestic demand. In addition, the mediating effect of industrial structure upgrading is significantly positive, indicating that the digital economy can promote consumption growth by promoting industrial structure upgrading, but this mediating effect has certain regional differences. From a regional perspective, the intermediary effect of industrial structure upgrading is not significant in the eastern region, and significant in the central and western regions. The main reason for the insignificant intermediary effect of the eastern region is that the path of industrial structure upgrading affecting consumption growth is blocked. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the industrial structure upgrading in the eastern region has reached a certain height, but there are still some structural mismatch problems in promoting consumption upgrading. Further, this research uses science and technology expenditures as a moderating variable to test the eastern region. The test results find that science and technology expenditures have a positive regulatory effect on the digital economy's impact on consumption growth, and when the science and technology expenditures are higher, the intermediary effect of the industrial structure upgrading between digital economy and consumption will be significantly enhanced, that is, there will be a regulated intermediary effect. This shows that increasing the expenditure on science and technology will help correct the blocked path in the eastern region, and make the intermediate path for the entire industrial structure upgrading unblocked. Finally, targeted countermeasures and suggestions are putting forward. From the perspective of industrial structure upgrading, the article conducts theoretical and empirical analysis of the internal mechanism of the digital economy influencing consumption growth, and makes reasonable adjustments to the path of obstruction. This provides an effective policy reference for the government to accelerate the construction of a new "dual circulation" development pattern.

Abstract:The strategic intention of building digital China and accelerating the development of digital economy is clearly planned in the Report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, but the problem of "digital divide" still exists among different regions, and analyzing the spatial and temporal differences in the development of digital economy is an important prerequisite for the balanced development of digital economy. Based on this, this paper takes the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2019 as samples, constructs the digital economy development evaluation index system, calculates the development level of digital economy in each province by entropy weight method, empirically analyzes the spatio-temporal variation of digital economy by using Dagum Gini coefficient, and examines the spatio-temporal variation of economic and social factors on digital economy by geographic probe. The results show that:1) Six regions, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Guangdong, are at the forefront of digital economy development in China, while the western regions, such as Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai, are at a lower level of digital economy development. The largest average annual growth rate from 2013 to 2019 is that of Chongqing, with an increase of 8.4%, followed by Tibet, Guizhou and Sichuan, with average annual growth rates of 8.3%, 7.4% and 4.8%; 2) The development of digital economy varies significantly among regions in China, with a spatially decreasing trend from east to west in a stepwise manner. In terms of temporal distribution, the overall digital economy development level in central and western China is increasing during 2013-2019, but the digital economy level in the northeastern provinces is in a fluctuating downward trend. In general, the temporal and spatial divergence of digital economy development is obvious; 3) The imbalance of digital economy development in East-West regions is mainly caused by inter-regional differences, and the largest inter-regional Gini coefficient is West-East, while the smallest inter-regional Gini coefficient is in Central-West. The inter-regional Gini coefficient of Central-Eastern region keeps fluctuating up and down during the examination period. The West-East digital economy disparity kept rising in the early period and reached a peak in 2014, while the regional disparity by and large had an overall convergence trend thereafter. The inter-regional differences between the Central-Western region are generally less variable and basically stabilized after 2014; 4) The differences in the level of digital economy development among the provinces in the eastern region are the largest while the digital economy differences among the provinces in the central region are the smallest. The intra-regional Gini coefficient in the eastern region shows a slight increase, the digital economy difference in the central region is more stable until 2016, and there is an obvious expansion in 2017-2019, and the intra-regional difference in the western region is in a state of constant fluctuation, but in general there is an upward trend; 5) From a national perspective, the level of tertiary industry development, the degree of marketization and the economic level are the decisive factors leading to the national digital nationwide, the level of tertiary industry development, the degree of marketization and the economic level are the decisive factors leading to the divergence of the national digital economy. The impact of socio-economic factors on the regional digital economy level shows obvious differences, and the intensity of the role of each driving factor is not the same at different times and regions. Therefore, the formulation of policies for high-quality development of digital economy should consider the differences in the degree of impact of different indicators over time and regions, so as to make them more targeted.

Abstract:Promoting the integration and development of rural industries is the objective requirement to realize the rural revitalization. Division of labor is the premise and foundation of industrial integration and development. The emergence of industrial integration and development will inevitably lead to a new form of labor division. There is mutual penetration between division of labor and industrial integration and development. We studied transaction activities in search of answers for labor division problems. Under the premise of revealing the internal mechanism of the effects of labor division and transaction efficiency on the integration and development of rural industries, we constructed an evaluation system based on labor division theories, which is used to measure and analyze the level of integration and development of rural industries in 31 provinces and cities (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2006 to 2018. The results suggest that China's integration and development of rural industries is moving from a low-level starting stage to an accelerated development stage. We measured China's rural transaction efficiency during 2006 to 2018. The results show that the overall development level of transaction efficiency in China's rural areas has improved, but there is a lot of room for improvement. On the basis of measuring the level of integration and development of rural industries and rural transaction efficiency, we empirically tested the impact of transaction efficiency on the level of the integration and development of rural industries using Hansen threshold regression model. The results suggest that rural transaction efficiency significantly improves the level of the integration and development of rural industries, and a unit increase in rural transaction efficiency leads to a 0.1419 unit increase of the level of the integration and development of rural industries. The threshold effect results show that when the rural transaction efficiency is low (i.e., less than or equal to 0.5379), the improvement of rural transaction efficiency has an inhibitory effect on the level of the integration and development of rural industries, and when rural transaction efficiency reaches a higher level (i.e., above 0.5379), the improvement of rural transaction efficiency has a significant positive effect on the level of the integration and development of rural industries. In general, rural transaction efficiency has a "U" shape effect on the level of the integration and development of rural industries. However, China's rural transaction efficiency has not yet crossed the "U" threshold. In the short term, the increase of rural transaction efficiency may restrict the integration and development of rural industries, but in the long run, improving the efficiency of rural transactions and increasing the central government's financial support to local governments are still the key measures to promote the integration and development of rural industries in the future. According to the conclusion of the study, the following policy suggestions are put forward:continuously improving the efficiency of rural transactions, increasing the intensity of fiscal and taxation support to farmers, and promoting the integrated construction of the market system in an orderly manner. This study can be used for reference on how to improve the efficiency of rural transactions, and promote the integration and development of rural industries, which is of great significance for promoting rural revitalization.

Abstract:In the context of the Household Responsibility Systems, farmland is regarded as the most important household assets for apple growers, and equal distribution of land resulting from the systems of farmland property rights resulted in the issue of land fragmentation and had difficulty in reducing the costs of agricultural production, which restricted the improvement of agricultural income. But with human society entering into the informatization era, informatization re-plasted the specific situation of the development of farmland transfer markets and improved the ability of information acquisition and information processing, which changed profoundly the allocation efficiency of rural factors and consequently, provided an important opportunity for improving agricultural income. Thus, this paper established a theoretical framework for impacts of informatization on farmland transfer and agricultural income from the perspectives of reducing the transaction costs of participating in farmland transfer and strengthening the cognition of land tenure security, which was empirically examined by using OLS model, Logit model, Ologit model and the survey data of 762 apple growers. The results indicate that:the application of informatization tools such as mobile phones not only boosted significantly agricultural income at the 5% level, but also increased significantly the size of transfer-in farmland at the 1% level. Further, the size of transfer-in farmland was a partial mediating variable for positive impact of informatization on agricultural income. After using these methods such as replacing the proxy variables, excluding the competitive mechanisms and instrumental variables method, above-mentioned results were still robust. From the perspective of the influencing mechanisms, informatization enhanced significantly the size of transfer-in farmland and improved the land accessibility by reducing searching costs and negotiation costs of participating in farmland transfer markets, and searching costs and negotiation costs were the partial mediating variables for positive impact of informatization on the size of transfer-in farmland. However, the application of information tools such as mobile phones did not significantly improve farmers' recognition of the farmland ownership, the recognition of land rights including transfer right and mortgage right, and the recognition of the extension of the term of land contract right for another 30 years because farmers did not use information-based tools such as mobile phones to understand the relevant information about land rights. Based on the above research results, this paper puts forward the following policy recommendations:1) The application of information tools such as mobile phones and computers in rural areas should be supported and encouraged to strengthen the awareness and ability of information acquision for agricultural operators to participate in the factor markets. 2) The reform of farmland property right systems with the aim of reducing the expectation of the risk of farmland property right should be deepened, and a variety of information tools should be actively used to publicize the content of farmland property rights system reform, which changes the traditional concept or cognition for farmers and improves the expectations of the stability of farmland property rights.These conclusions in this paper are conducive to not only understanding the operational mechanisms of farmland transfer markets in the context of informatization, but also increasing the number of agricultural income, which achieves the goals of common prosperity.

Abstract:The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, based on the goal of building cultural confidence and strength and securing new successes in developing socialist culture, put forward the important task of extending the reach and appeal of Chinese civilization. It points the way forward to continuously enhance the national cultural soft power and Chinese cultural influence. Standing on the new historical starting point, extending the reach and appeal of Chinese civilization is a conscious mission to continue the glorious history of the Chinese nation, an urgent need to turn China into a country with a strong socialist culture, and an inevitable requirement to promote the building of a human community with a shared future. China's fine traditional culture is the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese civilization, is the root and soul of the Chinese nation, is the foundation of our standing firm in the world's cultural turmoil. To extend the reach and appeal of Chinese civilization, we should focus on refining and displaying the essence of China's fine traditional culture. In other words, we should focus on the ideas of pursuing common good for all, regarding the people as the foundation of the state, governing by virtue, discarding the outdated in favor of the new, selecting officials on the basis of merit, promoting harmony between humanity and nature, ceaselessly pursuing self-improvement, embracing the world with virtue, acting in good faith and being friendly to others, and fostering neighborliness, etc. To show and spread the cosmic philosophy, the way of bonhomie, the philosophy of governance and the spiritual pursuit in China's fine traditional culture. In the new era and new journey, to spread China's fine traditional culture, we must always adhere to the guiding position of Marxism, focus on responding to the demands of the times, and maintain an open vision and broad-mindedness. The first is to organically combine adherence to Marxism with the promotion of China's fine traditional culture, correctly grasp the relationship between Marxism and China's fine traditional culture, and use the Marxist position, viewpoint and method to analyze, filter and supplement China's fine traditional culture. The second is to activate the vitality of China's fine traditional culture with the spirit of the times, to establish a consciousness of responding to the issues of the times, and to adopt contemporary expressions and dissemination paths. The third is to insist on promoting the civilizational view of equality, mutual appreciation, dialogue and tolerance, respecting the equal status of different civilizations, recognizing and maintaining the diversity of different civilizations, and deepening exchanges and mutual appreciation with different civilizations.

Abstract:ChatGPT developed by OpenAI has attracted lots of attention. ChatGPT, based on deep learning and reinforcement learning with human feedback, is a large generative AI language model, which benefited from pre-training concerning massive quantity of data, can understand users' order and generate natural language. Compared with other AI language model, ChatGPT can carry out endless conservation with users, ask users for more information initially, generate human-like content and remember users' generated content. As a masterpiece of generative AI, ChatGPT may become a lever to leverage the fourth industrial revolution through its powerful natural language processing ability, and may bring profound changes to human society, including:it may promote industrial transformation and upgrading, improve labor productivity, improve production tools, and optimize production decision-making by opening up a field for intelligent information processing to transform production methods; it helps to sort out research status, organize research ideas, process research data, and improve research results to transform research paradigms; it empowers the education subject, the education object, and the education process to transform education forms; it reconstruct labor life, consumption life, and spiritual life to transform lifestyles. The development of science and technology is a two-edged sword. ChatGPT will also bring us a series of risks and hidden dangers. It may breed legal issues such as intellectual property infringement, information theft, and fraud, breed ideological problems such as loosing ideological security defense lines, degrading independent thinking ability, and harming value shaping, and breed social problems such as unemployment of workers and increased probability of extreme events. To take advantage of generative AI represented by ChatGPT and make it benefit state building, national rejuvenation and people's daily life, we should firstly adhere to a new system for mobilizing the resources nationwide to achieve breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields, collaborate with "effective markets" and "promising governments", strengthen talent team construction, and mobilize the resources nationwide to develop generative AI independently; secondly, guided by practice, we should rely on the implementation of the empowerment-application mechanism to attract and support the active application of generative AI by the entire society; thirdly, we should strengthen legislation and law enforcement to regulate the development and application of generative AI; fourthly, we should reinforce the implementation of ideological guidance and comprehensive quality enhancement to help people cope with problems generated by generative AI.

Abstract:The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China said, "we will advance people-centered new urbanization." Marx's urban critical thought is an important guiding theory for the development and governance of socialist cities with Chinese characteristics in the new era. It provides important theoretical support for promoting the modernization of urban governance, realizing the integrated development of urban and rural areas with high quality and opening a new situation of modernization. On the basis of summarizing and reflecting on the latest research results of academic circles on China's urban governance modernization, this paper expounds that urban governance modernization is not only the natural requirement of opening the second Centennial new journey, but also the inevitable requirement of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, which makes urban governance modernization the natural choice of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. At the same time, back to the original context of Marx's urban critical thought, based on the classic Marxist texts such as Das Kapital, Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy in 1844, Theses on Feuerbach, Die Deutsche Ideologie, and on the perspective of historical materialism of Marx's urban critical thought, this paper examines the philosophical meaning of Marx's urban critical thought. We can find that Marx activated his understanding of the important position of cities in the development of modern society through his historical criticism of capital, consolidated the historical basis of exploring the general laws and trends of urban development through his criticism of modern "civil society", and established the basic idea of promoting the unity of urban development and human development through his criticism of urban and human development. In fact, it is the theoretical guidance provided by Marx's urban critical thought for modern urban development and China's urban governance modernization. On the basis of systematically explaining the vision and philosophical implication of Marx's urban critical thought, explaining its practical direction for promoting the modernization and development of urban governance in contemporary China, it requires us not only to take green city as the primary principle of contemporary new urban construction, but also to adhere to the new urbanization construction road of coordinated urban and rural development. Moreover, we should strive to embark on the track of "people-centered" urban governance modernization. In short, since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the new era, people's demand for a better urban life and a livable and professional environment has increased day by day, and people's desire to share the fruits of urban development has also increased. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a scientific urban critical thought to guide and promote contemporary China's urban modernization and its governance practice, so as to achieve the goal of building a modern and powerful country in China, that is to say, to achieve the second Centennial goal, and Marx's urban critical thought is the best solution to this problem.

Abstract:Urban governance is an important means to realize the modernization of urban governance, and is the key to improving national governance capabilities and the modernization of governance system. Since entering the new era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of original thesis on urban development and urban governance, and the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has further pointed out the way forward for urban governance in the new era from the aspects of national governance capacity and governance system modernization. In the wave of urbanization since the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has adhered to the guidance of Marxism, closely grasped the reality of China's urban development, continuously innovated and developed the theory and practice of urban governance, and formed a socialist urban governance paradigm with Chinese characteristics. As a theory that reveals the deep mechanism of modern urban formation, development and governance, Marx's urban criticism and examination of the socialist urban governance paradigm with Chinese characteristics from the perspective of this perspective not only helps to deepen
the grasp of the core issues, practical challenges and practical approaches of urban governance, but also helps to innovate and develop Marx's urban critical thought based on the reality of socialist urban development with Chinese characteristics. From the perspective of core issues, Marx's urban critique provides globalization, urbanization and ecology for socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics. Globalization is a historical situation that has insight into the nature of urban governance in China, urbanization is a realistic process to grasp the mechanism of urban governance, and ecology is a strategic topic of urban governance, so the socialist urban governance paradigm with Chinese characteristics has realized the theoretical relationship with Marx's urban critical thought in the perspective of historical materialism. From the perspective of practical challenges, Marx's critical thought on cities provides a diagnostic basis for analyzing the challenges of content imbalance, process lag and inefficient effect faced by socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics. As a new urban governance paradigm formed and developed in the practice of socialist city construction, there are inevitable practical
challenges in socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics, which requires drawing useful ideological resources from Marx's critical thought on cities and further optimizing and improving socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics. From the practical approach, Marx's urban critique provides method, goal and guarantee enlightenment for guiding the socialist urban governance paradigm with Chinese characteristics. The dialectic of urban space is the methodological basis of socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics, the value of urban justice is the fundamental goal of socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics, and the equality of urban rights is the normative guarantee of socialist urban governance with Chinese characteristics.

Abstract:After the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the economic situation in districts ruled by Kuomintang became increasingly severe, and the situation in Shanghai, as the economic center of the country, was even more serious. The price index was seriously out of line with the salary, which greatly affected the public education personnel and led to the teachers' boycott in the city middle schools. Shanghai Education Bureau initiated the establishment of the Committee of the Respect for Teachers Movement, taking the incident of teachers' boycott in municipal schools as an opportunity, and the campaign began to take off. After the movement was launched, Shanghai Education Bureau cooperated with the Committee of the Respect for Teachers Movement. The Education Bureau guaranteed loans with the "respect for teachers fund" and initiated fundraising. The Committee of the Respect for Teachers Movement launched a broad fundraising campaign with the call of "respect for teachers", which became the focus of public opinion at that time. The municipal authorities spared no effort, stars and celebrities were voluntary to raise, thousands of students raised along the street, and fundraising for teachers raised a climax. The government-led "charity fundraising" has led to the spontaneous "self-fundraising" of the society, and the enthusiasm for "fundraising" has been greatly stimulated, but the enthusiasm for "donation" was difficult to sublimate. Fundraising should be voluntary. In the respect for teachers movement, schools often force parents to "donate money" in the name of respect for teachers. With the expansion of "donation" in the name of "respect for teachers" from private schools to city schools, "respect for teachers" has become a regular collection of funds for primary and secondary schools in Shanghai. The "teacher respect fund" changed from "donation" to "receiving", and from self-conscious fundraising to public fees, the movement of respect for teachers took place "variations". In order to improve and enhance the treatment of teachers, with the help of the movement of respect for teachers, Shanghai Education Bureau decided to let the city schools collect "respect for teachers' money" from parents. The Education Bureau issued a public levy of funds policy for teachers, parents and public opinion were strongly opposed, and only one month that was suspended in the City Council. There are numerous contradictions in the distribution of donations, and the mandatory "contributions" were no longer reopened. The city authorities were caught in the dilemma of wanting to improve the salaries of teachers while struggling to break through the financial dilemma, and wanting to improve the lives of teachers while unable to force contributions.

Abstract:From the late Qing Dynasty, the war rose in the Xian-Tong Period and the rural order became at risk. The state power had to resort to the reliable social force to go through the bad time when it continued weakness and the gentry's power became the first choice. The long-standing gentry power has become a useful choice because of its powerful pipeline entity function, that is, as a pipeline to replace the functions of public power to maintain rural stability; As an entity, it gathers the people and dominates the rural autonomy. From the perspective of genetic theory, the reform of the school allocation system in the late Qing Dynasty created a large-scale gentry class, and the increase of school allocation further stimulated the confidence of rural scholars to become officials. They combined Neo-Confucianism with pragmatism, which made the academic atmosphere of statecraft in the late Qing Dynasty a new one. Once these enterprising gentry values were effectively released, they alleviated the political crisis encountered by the Qing court to the greatest extent. Of course, the evolution of the main body of gentry power also brought about the positive expansion of the extension of gentry power. The symbolic event of this expansion was that the power of the gentry spilled over into the military and financial fields monopolized by the state power. In the granting of military power, the squire was able to play a greater role in the war because of the trust from top to bottom; In the acquisition of financial power, the financial crisis caused by the political turmoil made the central government have to rely on local economic support, and the squires obtained the legal right to raise money in the process of mobilizing the countryside to resist the Taiping Army. As a kind of institutional consideration, the gentry gained the power that was unimaginable in the previous three hundred years when they helped the Qing government tide over the crisis in the mid-19th century. With military and financial privileges, the gentry could maintain stability through public administration and regiments, and play an active role in rural social governance. Although the rural gentry power in the late Qing Dynasty had already been hidden in the dust in terms of legal prescription, this period of history presented a beautiful picture of the operation of gentry power. From this, we can get some institutional enlightenments, such as the property, the boundary, the standard of the gentry power and the rural autonomy, which are mainly manifested in the transformation of the rural gentry power in the late Qing Dynasty from informal power to quasi-formal power, from disorderly expansion of power to normative expectations, and from formative autonomy to constitutive autonomy.

Abstract:Japan's cement industry began with official business of Meiji. Along with solving the national policy shift after "Coup in the 14th year of Meiji" and its own poor management, the cement industry started its private development process and developed rapidly under the support of sufficient industrial funds. The cement industry has experienced explosive growth after the First World War. In the mid-1920s, it ushered in excessive market competition caused by overcapacity. The pressure of market competition forced enterprises to innovate production technology and introduce scientific management models, but it also caused the situation of overinvestment and product price decline. The lower cement prices have expanded the demand for cement in upstream and downstream industries, making it a "profiteer industry", leading to more companies to participate and finally resulting in greater overcapacity. The decline in prices has also promoted the development of other industries such as infrastructure construction and electric power. Among them, the development of the electric power industry has in turn provided a new source of power beyond coal and reduced the production cost of cement. Therefore, the circular correlation effect is a significant internal mechanism that prompted modern Japan to rapidly complete heavy industrialization and promoted the development of its economic vitality in the 1930s. Under this dynamic development mechanism of "market mechanism → market competition → overcapacity → product prices decline → correlation effects promote the development of related industries → market demand expands the development of industry", Japan's industrialization process has also been able to develop at a high speed. Under this pressure, on the one hand, the establishment of the system of "chaebol" and sales organization "cartel" marks the maturity of the Japanese cement industry. On the other hand, it has also become an important factor for Japan to implement foreign dumping and snatch the Asian market.

Abstract:The constitution is the fundamental basis of the system of rule of law and the institutional coordinate of the legal system. To build China's independent legal knowledge system, it is necessary to scientifically build China's independent knowledge system of constitutional jurisprudence first. Today, many profound and complex practical issues have arisen in the field of China's national governance, and many theoretical constitutional issues that need to be answered urgently have also been raised, providing strong impetus and broad space for the creation of China's constitutional theory and academic prosperity. To accelerate the construction of China's independent knowledge system of constitutional jurisprudence, it is necessary to adhere to issue orientation, strengthen historical self-confidence, grasp the historical context, integrate various theoretical resources, boldly absorb and draw on the achievements of human legal civilization, continuously promote theoretical innovation, and continuously develop a constitutional discipline system, academic system, and discourse system that can reflect China's position, wisdom, and values.

Abstract:As an important means of territorial spatial management, territorial space use regulation has a very important role to promote the modernization of space management system and management ability and at a higher level to build a harmonious relationship between man and nature, territorial space use regulation is an integral part of the ecological civilization system. However, the current territorial space use regulation system basis mainly is policy documents,with lack of authority, unity and specific laws, it does not accord with the objective requirements of promoting ecological civilization construction under the rule of law under the background of the rule of law, we need to speed up the construction of territorial space use regulation legal system, to provide legal guarantee for the territorial space use regulation. Oriented by this problem, this paper examines the territorial space use system from the perspective of the constitution, and tries to clarify the scientific connotation of the territorial space use regulation mainly through historical analysis and text analysis, and explore the basis of its constitutionality and the boundary of constitutional permission. The paper holds that the constitutional norms related to the territorial space use regulation in China have gone through the initial stage of determining the ownership of land and other natural resources, the development stage of the decentralized control of natural ecological elements and the establishment stage of the overall regulation of all-fields and all-factors. Nowadays, the territorial space use regulation meets the requirements of carrying out the national tasks of ecological environment protection and ecological civilization construction, ensuring the order of the development and utilization of territorial space resources, and realizing the modernization of territorial space governance system and governance capacity, thus, the constitutionality basis of obtaining the constitutional permission can be found in the current Constitution. At the same time, the current Constitution sets permission limits for the territorial space use regulation, which mainly includes legal control, legal reservation, public interest and proportional principle; in terms of procedure, information disclosure and public participation. We also need to establish a unified legal system for regulating the use of territorial space in line with the requirements of unified planning and unified use regulation.

Abstract:Biometric information is a kind of data that comes from technical processing of personal biological characteristics. Personal biometric characters have the characteristics of invariance and uniqueness, which makes biometric identification identify individuals once and for all. Biometric information processed by a specific technology also has these characteristics, so any attacks on biometric information may have an irreversible impact on individuals. In real life, the information subject suffer loss from illegal commercial collection, freedom limitation, information sale and theft, deep fake and fraud. It's urgent to protect biometric information security, while defining biometric information precisely is the primary prerequisite. Experiences from comparative law show that the biometric information has three essential elements:the reflection of biological characters, the processing by specific technology, and the function of unique recognition. They are the key to identify biometric information. Biometric information can be collected by an image containing personal biometric characteristics, but the image is only a reflection of personal biometric characteristics. The image is not biometric information unless it is processed by specific technology, whether the image is an electronic image or a paper photo. The essence of biometric information is the measurement of personal biometric, which is called "specific technology processing", but the measuring method itself doesn't matter. Whether measurement from face to face on real-person or from image containing personal biometric characteristics, the information is both biometric information. The description of personal biometric characteristic does not constitute biometric information, and personal biometric samples should be distinguished from the personal biometric information. There are many deviations in understanding the definition of biometric information in the legal documents now, and concept confusion, unclear connotation and incomplete extension are the main problems. The definition of biometric information in China should follow three principles in future:revealing the nature of biometric information, reflecting the elements of biometric information, and taking into account the speed of technology progress. It is necessary to define the concept from two aspects:connotation and extension. The functions of connotation are defining essence and composition, so as to provide explanation rooms for possible technological revolution. The functions of extension are listing typical biometric information, so as to provide guide for the current theory and practice. As far as the connotation, "biometric information" can be described as a kind of information which can uniquely identify a natural person by the specific technical processing of his biological characteristics. In terms of extension, the ordinary kinds of biometric information can be listed, at the same time, using the expressing of "including but not limited" to keep the scope of biometric information open.

Abstract:Although Article 110 of the Civil Code does not expressly establish the reproductive rights, its openness provides an institutional space for the status of personality rights of reproduction rights. The legitimacy of reproductive rights stems from freedom value. At present, the concept of fertility in China has basically completed the absorption of the value of reproduction freedom while preserving the traditional family culture. The reasonable regulation of reproductive rights by public law does not deny the establishment of it in private law. Although the reproductive behavior needs the cooperation of men and women, the choice of whether to have children is essentially made by individuals, so the reproductive right belongs to natural persons as individuals, not to couples as a whole. Meanwhile, even if men are physically unable to have children, whether the wives are pregnant is directly related to the husbands' family planning, husbands also have the right to participate in deciding whether to have children, which is particularly obvious in the field of human assisted reproduction, so men also belong to the subject of reproductive rights. There are essential differences between reproductive rights, body rights and health rights. Although the exercise of reproductive rights often rests on the control of one's own body, just as the right of marriage autonomy and freedom of contracting has long been differentiated from the basic right of "freedom of action", reproductive rights should be distinguished from body rights because of their extremely unique connotation and extension. The difference between reproductive rights and health rights is obvious. The former is a free personality right, while the latter is a material personality right, and their value pursuit is completely different. Reproductive rights are typical, and the public has already reached a general consensus on the importance of reproductive freedom. Judging from the existing judgment documents, the concept of reproductive rights has also been widely used in judicial practice, and the protection system for reproductive rights has gradually improved. Reproduction rights conform to the general justification standard from interest to rights. Treating reproduction rights as personality rights is not the generalization of rights. Reproduction rights belong to the type of personality rights that not listed in Article 110 of the Civil Code.

Abstract:China's employee inventions system was born in the era of planned economy, and the initial patent right was owned by the state and held by the unit with strong characteristics of the times.This provision was deleted when the Patent Law was amended in 2000, and an "employerism" model was established with the statutory ownership rules as the main basis, supplemented by the agreed ownership rules. Although this amendment is to a certain extent compatible with the needs of industrial change and technological innovation in China, there are still problems such as disorder of transformation structure, failure of incentive mechanism and imbalance of transaction efficiency. Through a horizontal examination of the system of ownership of employee inventions from the international perspective, the two main legislative examples of the existing employerism model and employeeism model are not perfect. Whether the patent right is fully attributed to the employer or to the employee inventor will inevitably give rise to the dispute of unfair distribution of the right of invention in office between the two, which will lead to a serious gap between the employer and the employee inventor and thus inhibit the innovation vigor of the employee inventor or the investment enthusiasm of the employer. The approach of most countries is to break away from the absolute "employerism" and "employeeism" legislative paths and follow the path of mixed doctrine.The adoption of "employerism" mode in China's employee inventions system is the fundamental way to realize the transformation and application of employee inventions,but there are still shortcomings in mobilizing human innovation to increase the total amount of property.The reform of China's system of ownership of employee inventions should focus on three aspects.Firstly, it adopts the standard of "performing tasks" and limits the scope of types of employee inventions. Firstly, based on the personal dependence of employee inventors in labor relations, the "material and technical conditions standard" is excluded from the scope of types of employee inventions, providing more autonomy for employee inventors. Secondly, the "task standard" as the core of the rules for determining employee inventions can exclude the judicial obstacles of the inconsistent standards for defining the "main use" in practice. Finally, the "task standard" as the core of the rules for determining job inventions is in line with the realistic demand of reducing system costs and improving efficiency. Secondly, it upholds the concept of "humanism" and expands the scope of agreed ownership regulation. The new job invention system incorporates the "task standard" into the scope of application of the agreement priority principle, which is in line with the legal concept of private law autonomy, and is also a full response to the state's dissolution of technological monopoly and expectation of social wealth growth. Thirdly, based on the principle of "balance of interests", the three-dimensional configuration structure model is constructed. The improvement of the ownership system of employee inventions applies different ownership modes to "task standards", "standards for material and technical conditions" and "non-employee invention" in the legal ownership rules. Thus, the three-dimensional configuration structure of the system of employee inventions is constructed.

Abstract:Board diversity has become a new focus of corporate governance recently. Some researches have shown that on the quality side,it can improve the quality of corporate governance;while on the quantity side,it can enhance the company's performance. At the same time, it also practices the concept of gender equality at the private level. However, unconscious gender discrimination and industry restrictions, dominant director male power and personal hero governance culture, female Symbolism label entanglement, closed director appointment and removal mechanism and other factors hinder women from entering the board of directors.The regulatory framework for this issue is not only constrained by company law, but also by legal norms such as securities law and exchange listing rules at the level of listed companies. Therefore, because of the importance of gender, many nations have launched a soft and mandatory reforming movement to improve the structure of the board of directors, break the gender imbalance in the board of directors, and increase the proportion of female directors. These measures include quota laws, mandatory disclosure rules for diversity information, comply or explain corporate governance guidelines, corporate self-restraints, etc. The political tradition of a country, corporate governance model, business culture, the pressure model of corporate law system competition will affect the selection of regulation measures. Therefore, establishing a gender diversified board of directors regulatory approach for Chinese companies cannot simply imitate other countries' models. In order to promote gender diversity among directors, based on the existing regulations methods and realistic effect of the boardroom diversity in China, and referring to foreign experiences and lessons learned, support and refine Article 25 of the Governance Rules for Listed Companies; Following the Comply or Explain Rule, establish information disclosure for directors based on board diversity and the Comply or Explain Rule gender diversity rules; Establish a quota bill targeting listed companies/state-owned enterprises and provid certain support for women's entrepreneurship funds at non normative levels.Implementing a phased construction path of autonomy first, mandatory supplementation and listed companies as the main body, state-owned enterprises as the auxiliary, should be the logical choice. It can also be discovered that different Chinese landscapes can be found in today's seemingly homogenized corporate governance.

Abstract:One of the themes of the report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is "carrying forward the great founding spirit of the Party". In the course of its extraordinary struggle over the past century, the CPC has built up a spiritual pedigree of CPC members that is rooted in the great founding spirit of the Party, profoundly demonstrates the Party's nature and purpose, original aspiration and mission, fine style of work, and is with characteristics of the times and the identity of the nation. With firm ideals and convictions as the foundation of the soul, fervor of patriotism as the core, profound feelings for the people as the distinctive background, selfless moral quality as the value orientation, practical and realistic work style as the prominent feature, the spirit of pioneering and innovation as the distinctive logo, the fine tradition of hard struggle as the bright nature, the spiritual pedigree of Chinese Communists embodies the great character of Chinese Communists who strive hard, sacrifice and forge ahead. From the perspective of generative logic, Marxist theory, fine traditional Chinese culture, and the great practice carried out by the people under the leadership of the Party have injected heavy theoretical foundation, profound cultural deposits and solid practical foundation into the spiritual pedigree of Chinese Communists respectively. Guided and inspired by the great founding spirit of the Party, the spiritual pedigree of Chinese Communists has closely integrated the characteristics of different times in different historical periods. It has gone through the start-up by revolutionary struggle in the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the enrichment by hard work and entrepreneurship in the period of socialist revolution and construction, and the comprehensive progress by daring to fight in the period of the reform and opening up and socialist modernization construction, to the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics taking keep innovation as the theme for continuous development. The spiritual pedigree of Chinese Communists has always been of irreplaceable importance, whether it is in the course of forging ahead in the past century or on the new journey in the new era. Therefore, on the new journey of the new era, an in-depth summary of the scientific connotation, construction process and value implications of the spiritual pedigree of Chinese Communists will help vigorously inherit the red gene, continue the spiritual bloodline, and provide strong spiritual nourishment and strength for the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Abstract:Farmers are the main force of agricultural production, the masters of rural life, and the protagonists of rural affairs, and should be the implementing subject and main force of the rural revitalization strategy. Fully activating the subjectivity of farmers and the endogenous development power is a realistic requirement for implementing the rural revitalization strategy, and it is also the source of strength for implementing and ensuring the Party Central Committee's strategic decision of rural revitalization, and is a new development and new requirement for the sinicization, realization and modernization of Marx's subjectivity thought. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy must rely on the self-reliance and subject strength of farmers, but the difficulties faced by the activation of farmers' subjectivity in real life cannot be ignored. It is necessary to let Marx's subjectivity thought and the people-centered development thinking shine with rational brilliance in the practice of agricultural and rural modernization, let farmers realize the concept change from "I am required to get rid of poverty" to "I want to get rid of poverty", let the protection of farmers' reasonable rights and interests empower farmers to activate their subjectivity and creativity in the whole process of rural revitalization, develop and improve farmers' value creation greatness and self-development ability, and let farmers' subject status and interests be protected and brought into play in the governance of rural capital and the construction of humanistic cultural environment, guarantee and implement farmers' right of knowing and benefiting from rural revitalization policies,and transform the party's good policies into the practical efficacy of farmers' conscious dedication to rural revitalization.