Abstract:As an important experimental platform for deepening reform and opening up in the new era, whether the free trade pilot zone can effectively promote the upgrading of export industries has an important impact on the high-quality development of China's trade. Therefore, the authors aim to explore whether the construction of the free trade pilot zone can effectively promote the upgrading of the export industry through the optimization of the human capital structure, and whether there are differences in the effects of the construction of the free trade pilot zone in terms of the technical level, the regional distribution of the eastern and western regions, the "city-district" distribution form and the establishment of different batches of free trade pilot zones. The authors take the construction of free trade pilot zone as a quasi-natural experiment, and use the double difference method to evaluate the impact of the construction of free trade pilot zone on the upgrading of China's export industry. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The construction of the free trade pilot zone has effectively promoted the upgrading of China's export industry, and the empirical results are still stable after carrying out strict identification assumptions and robustness tests. 2) From the perspective of impact mechanism, the free trade pilot zone promotes the upgrading of export industry through the optimization of human capital structure. 3) From the perspective of urban heterogeneity, cities with high technological level, the eastern region, "one city with multiple districts" and "long cycle" free trade pilot zones are more likely to promote the upgrading of export industries. The contribution of the article mainly includes the following aspects: At the research level, the existing research on the relationship between the free trade pilot zone and the upgrading of industrial structure has remained at the provincial level, ignoring the heterogeneity of cities in the upgrading of industrial structure. This paper, based on the panel data of 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2018, has more accurately and directly examined the impact of the free trade pilot zone on the upgrading of export industries. We should grasp the heterogeneity characteristics of the impact of the construction of free trade pilot zones on the upgrading of China's export industries as far as possible from the aspects of high and low technical level, regional characteristics of the east and the west, the form of "city-district" distribution and the establishment batch, and provide the basis for the country to formulate relevant differentiation policies. In terms of research methods, the dual difference method is used to identify the relationship between the free trade pilot zone and the upgrading of export industries, and factors such as the randomness of the location of the free trade pilot zone are included in the identification conditions, which can better solve the endogenous problems that may exist in the study. In terms of mechanism, the intermediary variables that affect the upgrading of export industries in the free trade pilot zone are examined from the perspective of human capital structure, and the mechanism research of the existing free trade pilot zone is expanded. In addition, it also captures the optimization of human capital structure from the perspective of labor skill level, which helps to fully understand the impact mechanism of the optimization of human capital structure to promote the upgrading of export industries. The conclusion of the article provides empirical evidence for the free trade pilot zone to further optimize the human capital structure and for China's industrial transformation and upgrading.

Abstract:Since the reform and opening-up policies began, the workers agglomeration in China has shown an obvious core (east)-periphery (central and western) spatial distribution characteristics. With China going into the new era of comprehensive opening-up, the heterogeneous agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers is increasingly apparent. At the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was proposed that "push forward further opening-up and implement the strategy of strengthening the country through talents". Major cities in China are striving to build new advantages in talent gathering, and heterogeneous labor agglomeration is bound to present a new situation. Under the theoretical framework of new economic geography, by using the population census data and sample survey data which are used to match the panel data of prefecture-level cities and micro-level data from "Urban Household Survey" in China, the authors investigate the impact of trade openness on heterogeneous workers' agglomeration and mechanism. 1) The benchmark regression results shows that the trade openness effectively promotes the agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers, but has a greater impact on the former, which conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. 2) The regression results of difference test between time and space shows that, from the perspective of different regions, the trade openness effectively promotes heterogeneous workers agglomeration is mainly in the eastern and southern; from the perspective of different periods, the trade openness after joining the WTO has increased the positive influence on heterogeneous workers agglomeration, while the influence on low-skilled workers' agglomeration has declined since 2010. 3) The impact mechanism test shows that, on the one hand, trade openness would attract high-and low-skilled workers gathering by boosting wages; On the other hand, by driving up the housing price, trade openness plays an "inverted U-shaped" influence on the agglomeration of high-and low-skilled workers, that is, when the housing price is high, the house prices becomes the centrifugal forces that trade openness affects heterogeneous labor agglomeration. 4) The expansion analysis shows that, a significant reason for the greater impact of trade openness on high-skilled workers' agglomeration is skill premium; Meanwhile, trade openness also could strengthen the driving role of high-skilled workers on the low-skilled workers' agglomeration through skills complementarity; Especially in big cities or third-tier and above cities, high-skilled workers are more likely to obtain the skill premium from trade openness, and the skill complementary effect of trade openness is more obvious. Therefore, it is necessary to continue further trade openness and enhance the agglomeration of innovation factors. And the trade openness of eastern and midwest cities should be focused on their own characteristics, so as to create a coordinated regional development pattern with reasonable openness gradient and complementary advantages. In addition, we should give full play to the skills premium and complementary effect of trade openness, activate the circular accumulation and agglomeration mechanism of heterogeneous workers, and create a reasonable and orderly spatial distribution of high-and low-skilled workers' co-agglomeration.

Abstract:Consolidating and developing economic and trade cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union is of great significance for "the Belt and Road" Initiative. Based on the theory of new economic geography, combined with the structured trade gravity model with the introduction of exchange rate factors, the authors construct a theoretical model of exchange rate changes, the relationship between OFDI and export trade, and put forward research hypotheses. The exchange rate changes are divided into exchange rate level changes and exchange rate fluctuations, and the third-party exchange rate fluctuations are introduced and refined into exchange rate fluctuations of regional neighbors in terms of exchange rate fluctuations between China and the United States and between China and Europe. Using the panel data of trade and investment between China and the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union from 2003 to 2017, the authors empirically test the exchange rate changes, the impact of OFDI on export trade and the export effect of OFDI under the condition of heterogeneous exchange rate changes by using the estimation methods such as the comprehensive feasible generalized least square method (FGLS), instrumental variable method (2SLS, GMM and LIML). It is found that: 1) China's OFDI and export trade to Eurasian Economic Union are complementary; Exchange rate fluctuations have a significant inhibitory effect on export trade, while the impact of exchange rate changes is not significant; Regional economic integration significantly reduces China's export trade to the Eurasian Economic Union; Introducing the third-party exchange rate fluctuation variable, it is found that the third-party exchange rate fluctuation effect is heterogeneous. The exchange rate fluctuation of regional neighbors helps to promote China's export to Eurasian Economic Union, while the impact of exchange rate fluctuation between China, the United States and central Europe is not significant.2) The export products are divided into primary products, labor-intensive products and capital-intensive products by using the international trade standard classification of goods (SITC), and the impact of OFDI on the export trade of heterogeneous products is further explored. It is found that China has a significant complementary relationship with the Eurasian Economic Union OFDI and different types of products, the change of exchange rate level still has no significant impact on the export of different types of products; Bilateral exchange rate fluctuations and regional economic integration significantly inhibit the export trade between China and the Eurasian Economic Union. At the same time, considering the third-party exchange rate fluctuations, the impact of bilateral exchange rate fluctuations on primary products increases and the impact on labor-and capital-intensive products decreases; The impact of third-party exchange rate fluctuations on different types of products is heterogeneous. The third-party exchange rate fluctuations significantly promote primary products exports; The third-party exchange rate fluctuations have no significant impact on labor-intensive products; Among capital intensive products, only the exchange rate fluctuations of neighboring countries promote exports.3) Setting the interaction term model of exchange rate change, third-party exchange rate fluctuation, regional economic integration and OFDI, this paper empirically tests China's export effect to Eurasian Economic Union OFDI under the condition of heterogeneous exchange rate change. It is found that in the export effect of OFDI, exchange rate fluctuation has a significant inhibitory effect, and the impact of regional economic integration and exchange rate level change is not significant; The third-party exchange rate fluctuation effect is heterogeneous. The exchange rate fluctuation of regional neighbors significantly inhibits the export effect of OFDI, while the exchange rate fluctuation of China, the United States and central Europe has no significant impact.

Abstract:The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a beneficial attempt for African countries to seek sustainable development and realize independence. As the largest regional cooperation agreement in the world, the AfCFTA has only taken three years from the beginning of negotiations to the official entry into force. However, its construction process lagged far behind. Different from existing studies, this paper focuses on the internal and external deep-seated reasons that hinder the parties from reaching consensus in the initial stage, and focuses on identifying the challenges faced by the free trade area in the process of promoting integration. This paper analyzes how China should find opportunities from the key issues in the construction of the Free Trade area in the new era, jointly promote the in-depth docking of the free trade area and the "Belt and Road" Initiative, and commit to participate in the construction of the China-Africa community of shared future for mankind. Due to the weak political will of African leaders, structural obstacles in African economies, and the long-standing huge funding gap, the initial process of the construction of the free trade area lags far behind expectations. In the decade of the new era, China has made historic achievements, which are reflected in its proactive grasp of historical development. The cooperation between China and the Free Trade area should be based on the practical basis of China-Africa cooperation, seize the historical opportunity, take the initiative to participate in the framework and mechanism building of the free trade area, strive to achieve a higher level of political mutual trust between China and Africa, establish a long-term liaison mechanism with the free trade area, promote industrial adjustment and upgrading, expand new areas of China-Africa cooperation, prevent risks and learn from experience, so as to achieve sustainable development.

Abstract:Innovation is the first driving force for development, and it is the "bull's nose" that affects the overall economic and social development. Regional innovation efficiency measures a region's comprehensive innovation performance with the input-output ratio of innovation, and its influencing factors exist in many aspects. Financial deepening is an important indicator to measure the level of financial development. In order to study the interaction between financial deepening and regional innovation efficiency in various countries and its internal mechanism, the authors first use DEA method of multi-input and multi-output to measure the regional innovation efficiency of 80 countries, and then use Tobit model to make an empirical analysis of 80 transnational panel data from 2011 to 2018. It is found that there is a significant U-shaped curve relationship between financial deepening and regional innovation efficiency, that is, with the promotion of financial deepening, its influence on regional innovation efficiency will change from "inhibition" effect to "promotion" effect. This is because when the financial deepening is low, the development of venture loans and credit loans lags behind, the venture capital channels are imperfect, and the financial structure and market are imperfect, which leads to the backward financing and securities lending functions of multi-level and three-dimensional enterprises, thus inhibiting the innovation efficiency of enterprises. When the financial deepening is high, the venture capital channel is gradually improved, the financing cost of enterprises is low, and the financial market and financial structure are perfect, thus promoting the innovation efficiency of enterprises. The authors also find that different economic levels of different countries will also lead to significant differences in financial deepening and regional innovation efficiency. In this paper, countries are divided into developed groups and underdeveloped groups according to their economic development levels. Grouping research shows that financial deepening has a selective effect on regional innovation efficiency, that is, financial deepening has a U-shaped curve characteristic on innovation efficiency of underdeveloped countries, but there is no such effect in developed groups. The reasons are: in developed countries, the level of economic development is high, the financial structure and market are perfect, the channels of venture capital are unimpeded, and the influence of financial deepening on regional efficiency is no longer "restrained". In underdeveloped countries, however, the level of economic development is low, and the level of financial structure and financial market development is in the stage of development and perfection. For the perfect financial market and financial structure, the influence of financial deepening on regional innovation efficiency is "promoting" effect, while for the imperfect part, the influence of financial deepening on regional innovation efficiency is "inhibiting" effect. In order to test the robustness of the research results of this paper, the authors use two test methods: lag term test and substitution variable test. The test results are robust, that is, with the promotion of financial deepening, its influence on regional innovation efficiency will change from "inhibition" effect to "promotion" effect. Therefore, government departments should correctly understand the role of financial deepening in regional innovation efficiency, improve the innovation system, strengthen financial supervision, prevent and resolve financial risks, give consideration to both long-term and short-term interests, give full play to the role of financial deepening in promoting regional innovation and economic growth, and promote the financial system to better meet the innovation needs of the new era, so as to promote the improvement of regional innovation efficiency. The research of this paper has enlightenment and reference significance for developing countries that make use of financial deepening to improve innovation efficiency.

Abstract:Financial asset allocation is one of the important business decisions faced by non-financial enterprises. The relationship between the financial asset allocation behavior of non-financial enterprises and their operating performance and real asset investment returns has always been an important concern of financial regulators, listed companies and investors. Taking the Chinese non-financial listed companies from 2011 to 2018 as samples, the authors use the multiple regression model to empirically study the impact of companies' financial asset allocation behavior on operating performance and real asset investment returns. The results show that there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the financial asset allocation and operating performance this year, and between the financial asset allocation last year and the real asset investment returns this year. The companies' financial asset allocation ratios of different industries and different attributes may have different effects on operating performance and real asset investment returns. There is no inverted U-shaped relationship between the financial asset allocation ratio and operating performance of listed companies in the primary industry. The relationship between the financial asset allocation ratio and operating performance of listed companies in the secondary industry and tertiary industry, state-owned and non-state-owned listed companies shows a significant inverted U-shaped characteristic. That is, only a moderate allocation of financial assets can maximize the operating performance. The increase in the financial asset allocation ratio in the previous year will significantly increase the real asset investment returns of state-owned listed companies this year, but will not affect the real asset investment returns of non-financial listed companies in the primary and tertiary industries this year. The real asset investment returns of the secondary industry and non-state-owned listed companies have an inverted U-shaped relationship with their financial asset allocation ratio in the previous year, and the insufficient (excessive) allocation of financial assets in the previous year will have a complementary effect (crowding-out effect) on the real asset investment returns this year. The appropriate allocation of financial assets in the previous year will maximize the real asset investment returns this year. Central and local governments and financial regulatory authorities should use market to guide non-financial listed companies to appropriately allocate financial assets, encourage companies to increase investment in real assets, and alleviate the dilemma of "removing reality to virtual". Non-financial listed companies should make scientific decisions on their financial asset allocation based on their own industrial and state-owned attributes and the different effects of financial asset allocation behavior on operating performance and real asset investment returns, and recognize the complementary effect (crowding-out effect) of under-allocation (over-allocation) of financial assets on the real asset investment returns, allocate the financial asset allocation ratio that can maximize the operating performance and the real asset investment returns. In the process of selecting investment objects and constructing investment portfolios, investors should deeply analyze the asset allocation behaviors of different industries and companies of different natures, and examine whether the financial asset allocation behavior of the proposed investment object meets the requirements of the maximization of operating performance and the real asset investment returns, so as to make effective investment decisions. This paper supplements and enriches relevant research in the field of corporate asset allocation, and provides decision-making basis for central and local governments to formulate different industrial policies, financial supervision departments to guide financial resources to flow to the real economy, non-financial listed companies to regulate financial asset allocation behavior, and investors to make correct investment decisions.

Abstract:With the rapid development of information technology, mobile communication, e-commerce and internet technology, human society has been brought into the era of big data. Big data contains huge social and economic value, it promotes the transformation of people's thinking mode, changes the train of thoughts and technologies for people to understand and study social and economic phenomena, and creates a new paradigm based on data management, data analysis and application. It has become an important driving force for the upgrading of existing industries and the birth of new industries. Data resources have become the basic strategic resources of a country, which is redefining the process and way of national strategic decision-making and social management, enterprise management decision-making, and individual decision-making. Big data will embed data analysis, data mining and artificial intelligence technology into the existing framework, thereby enriching the existing research framework and advancing research by opening the "black box" of economic processes. Big data also inevitably has a significant impact and reform on the audit industry of certified public accountants. Big data drives profound changes in the audit environment and audit object, etc. The organic integration of big data technology and audit theory and practice has been required for the development of the audit industry, which may become a turning point of modern audit. In this paper, the theory and practice research of this subject are analyzed from three dimensions, first of all, from the CPA audit profession development level, existing studies show that under the environment of big data, the basic theory of audit and the target may not change, but using big data in the audit has become inevitable, big data technology will be organic in audit practice, it is bound to drive the audit mode and audit subjects to change or put forward new requirements that conform to the characteristics of the times. The audit driven by big data will definitely affect the development path and direction of the audit industry in the future. Secondly, from the aspect of CPA audit mode, existing studies show that CPA audit will change "validation audit" type into "exploring audit" type, the evidence collection model of data auditing, method of data analysis as the core of the audit, deconstruction and reconstruction of the audit process, and synergy of several kinds of operating mode has become the direction of CPA audit mode change. Thirdly, from the audit subject level, existing studies show that the audit environment becomes more complex under the environment of big data, and the use of huge amounts of data greatly changes the thinking mode and operation mode of auditors, which will have a profound impact on the management and control of data risks, post structure, and staff quality of accounting firms. By sorting out the basic thread of thoughts of the overseas and domestic research, finally, the authors put forward the future research prospects from the macro and micro levels, in order to provide new ideas and methods for the development of audit work in the data era, so as to promote the development of the audit industry. At the same time, the research of this paper will also help the audit department to solve the problems existing in the audit practice, so as to adapt to the arrival of the data era, and play an important role in improving the audit function in national governance to some extent.

Abstract:As the basis for the evaluation of scientific research projects, talents, journals, and institutions, academic publication evaluation is an important part of the academic evaluation system and a key step in scientific research management. The current academic publication evaluation model has some disadvantages such as "black box of peer review", "ambiguous motivation of citation" and "indirect and one-sided evaluation data", which hinders academic innovation and also runs counter to the current strategy of building an independent knowledge system. The breakthrough development of AI in data, algorithms, and arithmetic power in recent years, especially the increasingly mature application of discriminant and generative models in machine translation, text classification, text summary, dialogue system, etc. has brought a great opportunity for innovation of the traditional academic publication evaluation model and provided a possibility to realize a more scientific, pluralistic, and intelligent academic publication evaluation. From the analysis of the inadequacy of the existing evaluation models and the fit of AI applied to it, the paper proposes a new model of academic publication evaluation, namely Natural Evaluation. Natural Evaluation is an integration of AI and academic publication evaluation, which is both a critical inheritance and a breakthrough of the traditional evaluation models such as peer review, bibliometrics, webometrics, and alternative metrics. Specifically, Natural Evaluation is an evaluation model based on the fully quantified academic trace data naturally generated by the academic community in various scholarly activities, and AI technology is applied to the semantic understanding and automatic analysis of the knowledge content of academic results and academic trace data of the community, to dynamically form evaluation judgments and serve knowledge innovation. The paper discusses the technical logic, value compliance, and prospect of Natural Evaluation driven by AI from the doctrinal level. In terms of technical logic, Natural Evaluation is based on the naturally generated trace data from various scholarly activities, and the algorithm supports the intelligent extraction of semantics in the data and generates evaluation judgments, and enhances the accuracy and efficiency of evaluation through arithmetic power empowerment. In terms of value compliance, Natural Evaluation upholds the value principles of quality first, impartiality, and comprehensiveness, and seeks to break out of the trap of "digital discipline", and break the shackles of "human favor dominance" and "one-sided evaluation". In terms of the future outlook, Nature Evaluation presents a picture of responding to the trend of the open science era, optimizing the ecological environment of academic innovation, and promoting the construction of independent knowledge systems. Finally, although the technical logic, value compliance, and prospect of Natural Evaluation have been systematically discussed from the theoretical level, and it can be theoretically proved to present more scientific evaluation results, the specific difficulties of AI technology implementation, academic community evaluation incentive, human-machine relationship coordination, and evaluation empowerment of different subjects are yet to be further researched in the future.

Abstract:A scientific educational evaluation system is directly related to the connotative development of higher education and the realization of the grand goals of educational evaluation reform in the new era. In October 2020, the "Overall Plan for Deepening the Reform of Education Evaluation in the New Era" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council put forward new arrangements and new requirements for the reform of education evaluation in my country, emphasizing the reversal of the unscientific orientation of education evaluation, and resolutely overcoming the need for grades and promotion. It also proposed that by 2035, an education evaluation system that is full of the characteristics of the times, highlights Chinese characteristics, and reflects the world level will be basically formed. However, due to various internal and external reasons in education, the evaluation of higher education has problems such as only papers, projects, awards, professional titles, and hats to different degrees, which seriously restricts the healthy and orderly development of my country's higher education. The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is an important stage for my country to achieve high-quality education development, and it is also a critical period for implementing the reform measures of education evaluation in the new era. It is imperative to build a higher education evaluation system in the new era. Starting from the political, educating and social nature of education, around the fundamental issue of "cultivating people for whom, who to train, and how to train people", an organic structure consisting of three dimensions of political standards, business standards and efficiency standards is constructed. The "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system is formed. The dimension of political standards is the key to the "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system, which determines the direction of education. It mainly includes four elements: the direction of school running, the ideological and political construction of courses, the quality of personnel training, and the construction of teaching staff. The dimension of business standards is the core of the "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system, which reflects the performance of the functions of higher education institutions, mainly including three elements: education and teaching, scientific research and social services. The benefit standard dimension is the foundation of the "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system, which reflects the social service effectiveness of colleges and universities, and mainly includes three elements: academic influence, economic influence and social influence. The "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system is an integration of concepts composed of many related elements. Each element forms an organic whole with specific functions, showing the characteristics of integrity, hierarchy and openness. The construction of the "three-in-one" higher education evaluation system will help to overcome the "five-only" stubborn malaise and lead institutions of higher learning to return to their essence; it will help to implement the fundamental task of morality and cultivating people, and guide the direction of colleges and universities; it will help to comprehensively Improve the quality of education and promote the connotative development of higher education.

Abstract:During the Warring States Period, the disintegration of the clan, the decline of the aristocracy and the changes of social structure, as well as frequent and violent wars, made the governance of the Grassroots an important problem. So The Book of Lord Shang proposed the Thought of Grassroots Mass Self-government. That is to say, the country should be the leading force, the rule of law as the foundation, the system as the guarantee, the community elite as the main body and grassroots people been broadly mobilized and participatied. Grassroots Mass Self-government under the leadership of the state can effectively integrate dispersed people into the national system. Tt can not only improve the country's ability to absorb the underlying resources and national strength, but also by giving people autonomy and by provide a social mechanism for upward mobility can cultivate people's sense of identity with the country and Consolidate the foundation of rule. Such the new type of country and its nationalities and cultures under its wings have a chance to stand firmly and to further develop in the "world of great struggle". Undoubtedly, it is a valuable local historical resource and ideological wealth for contemporary China, which is facing unprecedented changes in the world in centuries. The rule of law clearly defines the scope of the exercise of state public power, make the moderate separation of Justice and Administration, plus the universality and effectiveness of law popularization, so that the judiciary and the public can supervise the administration and maintain the dynamic balance between the vertical power of the state and the horizontal autonomy of society to some extent. This has important reference value to solve the problem of the modern grassroots mass self-government hanging in the air, to avoid local governments' erosion of grassroots self-government, to realizie people's democracy in the whole process.

Abstract:There are three main approaches to the new period of South China lineage studies, that is, the approach of regional socio-economic history, the approach of anthropology, and the approach of historical anthropology. The former is mainly deeply influenced by Chinese socio-economic historiography, and is clearly manifested in the study of the lineage in Fujian and Guangdong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Anthropology lineage studies continue the academic tradition of functionalism and community studies in the first half of the twentieth century, focusing on the discussion of regional social and cultural changes, and forming a method of emphasizing the relationship between local society and the state, introducing social history, and integrating synchronicity. The characteristics of the close combination of structural research and diachronic social change research. Since the 1990s, the Ming and Qing lineage studies in South China have gradually surpassed the research horizon of regional socioeconomic history, blended and penetrated with regional social history, and developed a research paradigm of historical anthropology. This approach is a more conscious advancement from the level of combining theory and practice on the basis of fully summing up the experiences of the first two.The study of lineage of South China in the new era has been deeply influenced by Western academic thoughts, especially the theory of lineage of Freedman in South China and regional system theory of G.William Skinner, as well as the theory and method of Annales School's historiography. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the application of social science method, the combination of history and anthropological theories and methods, and the internal mechanism of regional society development from the perspective of regional research. Thus, the characteristics of close integration between lineage research and regional society research have been formed. Throughout this period, there are obviously two basic trends in the study of lineage in South China. One is the gradual convergence of history and anthropology, and the development of historical anthropology, the other is the interaction between lineage studies and regional society research, focusing on the discussion of similarities and differences within the regional society. These two trends also reflected in the research of regional societies in North China, Jiangnan, Huizhou, and have become the mainstream trends in the development of regional social research.

Abstract:With the support of a vast postal system, the Qing Empire constructed a vertical network of imperial power from the central to local levels. As a centralized state, it needed to overcome the difficulty of controlling distant areas, and thus maintained a tradition of collecting, organizing, supplementing, correcting, and storing information on mileage, with the records of travel and actual operations being interdependent. The postal information in the The Comprehensive Statutes of the Great Qing Dynasty and the "Regulations" mainly comprises three categories: nodes (including origins), routes, and data, which have a complex and consistent structure and pattern, presenting the distribution structure of postal roads in both chain and tree formats. Their centripetal and hierarchical nature reflects the central-to-edge geographic pattern, spatial order, and specific political thinking of ancient dynastic states. Information of road mileage is not only practical data for daily postal work, but also the basis for the state to continuously exercise its transportation power. Given that transportation trades space for time, the relationship between time and space should be emphasized in the study of transportation history. Postal mileage is not only an important indicator of spatial distance, but also the product of the correspondence between time information and geographic information. "Arrival date in the capital" (到京时间)represents the "time can measure the distance" and intuitively reflects the control of transportation over space and time. Postal road space can serve as a reference standard for postal time, and conversely, time is a way of expressing space, summarizing experiences of measurable distance repetition. In actual postal affairs, while mileage remains fixed, operating time varies, making it difficult to maintain the effectiveness of the postal network's dynamic changes and the strength and weakness of imperial power. Traditional postal stations had already expanded and intensified their centripetal force under centralization, but made little progress in terms of time. The timeliness predicament became the most significant obstacle to the rigid Qing postal system in maintaining the established spatial order.

Abstract:Xi Jinping's thought of rule of law, as the guiding ideology of the comprehensive rule of law, is the theoretical foundation of the formation of the theory of the rule of law of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and also the direction of the comprehensive rule of law in our country.Law enforcement has the closest distance to the people, the closest connection with the people, and the closest relationship with the people, and is a key link in the process of realizing the comprehensive rule of law.The discussion on strict law enforcement in Xi Jinping's thought of rule of law makes it clear that the leadership of Chinese Communist Party and the people-centered approach are the due meaning of comprehensively promoting strict law enforcement.The leadership of Chinese Communist Party is not only the guiding light in the process of promoting strict law enforcement, but also the most fundamental political guarantee for stricter law enforcement.Taking people as the center is not only the source, main body and driving force of strict law enforcement system, but also the fundamental purpose and basic means of its development.Xi Jinping's discussion on the methodology of strict law enforcement systematically clarifies the practice approach of comprehensive and strict law enforcement from three aspects: establishing the value pursuit of law enforcement, building law enforcement team and improving law enforcement system.In the process of law enforcement, we must adhere to the value pursuit of strictness, fairness and civilization, shape legal credibility with strictness, improve the quality of law enforcement with justice, and strengthen the effect of law enforcement with civilization.To build a high-quality law enforcement team, we should not only establish the belief of law enforcement for the people as the core and professional ethics as the foundation, but also provide profound spiritual nourishment for the construction of law enforcement team.In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of law enforcement capacity, improve the efficiency of business training of law enforcement teams, improve the training mechanism of law enforcement personnel, and provide important practical support for the construction of law enforcement teams.To form a scientific, reasonable and complete law enforcement system, we should start from two aspects: promoting the reform of law enforcement system and perfecting the law enforcement supervision system.To reform the law enforcement system, we need to improve the legal procedures for major administrative decisions, rationally allocate law enforcement forces, and strictly implement the accountability system for law enforcement.To improve the supervision system of law enforcement,we should coordinate the internal supervision mechanism of law enforcement organs, improve the external supervision mechanism of pro-curatorial organs, and build the supervision mechanism of social forces, so as to set the power, standardize the power, restrict the power and supervise the power according to law.

Abstract:Realistic rights cannot be defined completely in legal texts. There must be blanks, vagueness and even conflicts in the law as a social contract or a contract as a transaction between the parties. However, in the implementation of the law and the performance of the contract, will ultimately be determined by the party (not just the parties) who has the remaining control rights in the incomplete contract, so the degree of realization of the right is determined by the remaining control rights. Although the Civil Code clearly protects data rights as the object of civil rights to reduce the transaction cost of data circulation, it selectively sets aside the issue of further confirmation of data rights. When rights and interests of data cannot be clearly defined, or the cost of definition is too high, according to the requirements of mechanism design, the vague definition of legal rights can be made up to a certain extent through reasonable allocation of the remaining control rights in important links, key auxiliary links, or main application scenarios in the process of data circulation. Due to the constraints of decision-making information costs and the limitations of government incentives, it is impossible to allocate residual control rights perfectly through a formal system; and to clearly allocate a certain residual control rights to parties, third-party professional institutions, etc., it is still hope that the market mechanism is a configuration that plays a fundamental role. China's current selection of rules on rights and interests of data protection and promotion of data flow has moved towards the combined mode of "liability rules + control rules". Such as standard contract, enterprise data protection reputation mechanism, technical standards, data assets and data infringement compensation pricing mechanism, etc., can be used to clarify some important allocation of residual control rights, support the implementation of relevant legal rules or making up for their deficiency. Here are some concrete examples related to the above. A standard contract can adopt a combination of "general terms + special terms"; the enterprise data privacy protection reputation mechanism can set up a hierarchical disclosure mechanism to specifically determine the disclosure content, disclosure method and disclosure scope; the formulation and improvement of technical standards should clarify the target positioning, roughness and detail of the standard, and how to coordinate with the hard law as a soft law; and the data assets and data infringement compensation evaluation made by a third-party evaluation agency should be the basis for bargaining between the transaction parties or court judgment, but it is not suitable to be compulsorily stipulated as the transaction price. This function similar to decentralized legislation can not only accumulate experience, but also reduce the cost of legislation and the social cost of legislative failure. Consequently, in the face of the system construction problem of how to manage the data flow, a realistic and feasible approach is to continuously improve the construction of data-related legal systems and supporting measures through the continuous accumulation of effective mechanism designs.

Abstract:Judicial artificial intelligence is divided into conventional artificial intelligence and professional artificial intelligence, the former is to directly transplant artificial intelligence that has developed and matured in the general field to the judicial field without special algorithm updates, the main purpose is to liberate judges from heavy "transactional" work, so they cannot intervene in the core content of trials; The latter is an artificial intelligence specially developed for the judicial field, such as the sentencing assistance system, which intervenes in the substance of the trial, which is the core of judicial artificial intelligence. The current practice status of judicial artificial intelligence is that conventional artificial intelligence is effective because of its solid foundation, but the development and use of extremely important professional artificial intelligence is not ideal, mainly because the research and development of professional artificial intelligence lacks the theoretical supply of legal research, which is concretely manifested as "too abstract but not enough concrete". The deep reason is that there is no deep integration of legal expertise and artificial intelligence technology knowledge, that is, "those who understand technology do not understand law, and those who understand law do not understand technology". At the macro level, under the space-time background of the unpredictable explosion of intelligence, the life 2.0 stage (cultural stage) or the era of weak artificial intelligence is still the stage in the present and foreseeable future for a long time, and the sentencing artificial intelligence pretending to be a "tool" should still be positioned to assist sentencing rather than determine sentencing, and based on the value connotation of the standardized reform of sentencing. It should be further oriented to normative aid rather than reference aid, the difference between the two is the binding force of the phased sentencing conclusion given by the intelligent system on the judge. At the micro level, the algorithm construction of intelligent sentencing system should be based on the principle of sentencing logic-led algorithm logic, and take phased sentencing with "common" attributes such as sentencing benchmark and illegal punishment as the field of action rather than the final sentencing conclusion (declaration of punishment) outside its ability. In addition, in order to prevent algorithmic black boxes, algorithmic discrimination and correlation replacing causation, it is necessary to make the algorithm of sentencing artificial intelligence open and the interpretation of phased sentencing conclusions.

Abstract:The essence of personal information protection lies in practicing the fair information practice principles, adhering to the theory of interest measurement, and carrying out the protection and utilization simultaneously. Compared with the legislative model of the international community, Europe and the United States tend to adopt the protection mode of "positive right confirmation &code of conduct". Chines single "code of conduct" model exposes the institutional drawbacks of the absence of the right basis. Following the "General Provisions of the Civil Law", the "Privacy and Personal Information Protection" chapter of the "Civil Code" has not yet completed the renewal of personal information rights. After the promulgation of the Personal Information Protection Law, the expression of "this law is enacted in accordance with the constitution" has made the constitutional level of personal information protection clear. The state respects and safeguards human rights, the dignity of citizens is inviolable, and citizens' freedom and privacy of communication are protected by law provide the constitutional normative basis for the personal information protection in the category of basic rights. When establishing the concept expression of the basic right of personal information protection, it should be consistent with the connotation of this right. In the digital age, personal information protection should not only continue the infringement prevention mechanism emphasized in traditional legislation, but also pay more attention to the active use of personal information and the protection of personal information property interests based on the requirements of personal freedom development. Then, the concept of "personal information right" is adopted to confirm the substantive value of personal information to personal interests. So that it can give individuals a complete form of rights over their personal information, which contain the basic requirements for personal information to be protected by law, and also leave room for the refinement of the content of rights. In this way, under the integration of the constitution right-personal information right, with human dignity and its free development as the core, and by giving play to the subjective defense function and the objective value order function of basic rights, we can practice the state's protection obligations in the fields of public and private law, to form the specific personality right in private law oriented to object domination and protecting the self-determination of personal information, and a set of procedural rights in public law oriented by behavior regulation to ensure the substantive participation of individuals. The personal information right, as a fundamental right, is meaningful only if it is implemented in civil rights where individuals can specifically claim legal protection and remedies. Based on this, by reviewing the Civil Code, the "civil rights and interests" of personal information have the sufficient conditions to upgrade to "civil rights". Different from general personality rights, privacy rights and other attributes, personal information right can be determined as specific personality right in the civil right system. Based on the principle norms of the Civil Code, the independent ownership of the personality right law and the construction of the rights system of the personal information protection law, the logic deduction of personal information right from top-level design to comprehensive layout is gradually realized.

Abstract:In order to guarantee the correct implementation of the civil public interest litigation system for personal information protection, the scope of such litigation cases should be studied through various means such as normative interpretation, empirical investigation and theoretical analysis, and by using a combination of specific research methods such as the value analysis method and the empirical research method. The study concluded that although Article 70 of the Personal Information Protection Law has initially defined the scope of such lawsuits in terms of the act to be sued, the eligible defendants, the object of relief and the consequences of damage, the scope of civil public interest litigation for personal information protection still presents many problems from the perspective of regulation, practice and theory, such as the requirement of the illegality of the act to be sued is too harsh, the understanding of the scope of the eligible defendants is not consistent with the type of lawsuits stipulated in the legislation, the simple equation of "numerous" personal interests with social public interests, and the "risk" of infringing "numerous" personal rights and interests has not been included in the scope of relief. In this context, to scientifically define the scope of such litigation cases, it is necessary to follow the standards of legality, necessity, and policy conformity. First, only when the illegal behavior of personal information processors substantially infringes on the social public interest does it belong to the scope of this type of litigation. Second, only when the harmed interests cannot be remedied through private litigation mechanisms such as joint litigation and representative litigation is it necessary to include them in the scope of this type of litigation. Third, the guiding role of policies should be fully utilized, and the value dimension of policy orientation should be taken into account. A positive and prudent attitude should be adopted towards policy guidance on social public interests to avoid blindly expanding or improperly reducing the scope of cases. Specifically,First, the scope of the behavior being sued should be expanded to include "violations of national regulations," that is, as long as the behavior being sued violates national regulations, it belongs to the scope of this type of litigation. Second, the litigation type stipulated in Article 70 of the Personal Information Protection Law belongs to civil public interest litigation, and administrative agencies cannot be eligible defendants for this type of litigation, so the lawsuit in which the administrative organ is the defendant should be excluded from the scope of this type of lawsuit. Third, it should not be included in the scope of this type of litigation simply because the number of affected individuals is "numerous", and whether it infringes on "social public interests" should be regarded as the substantive standard for determining the relief scope of this type of litigation. Fourth, to proactively avoid the occurrence of "actual harm", a preventive civil public interest litigation system for personal information protection should be established. And the "risks" that pose a real threat to the public interest, are urgent and serious, and may cause irreparable damage if not stopped in time, should be included in the scope of the remedy of this type of litigation.

Abstract:The report of the 20th Party Congress put forward the goal of establishing a credit-based system in the market economy and strengthening the protection of personal information. Credit governance involving platform enterprises is a governance innovation guided by Chinese-style modernization and has always occupied an important position in the top-level design of the country. As platform enterprises become the key hub of credit governance, personal credit protection faces the dilemma of unclear boundaries of information processing and imbalance of credit system interests. The theoretical roots behind the dilemma of personal credit protection must be carefully explored to prevent the alienation of credit co-governance into credit control. There are gaps in the current credit legal system in terms of rights attribution, procedural design and liability mechanisms, resulting in personal credit constituting only a reflexive interest. The traditional paradigm of power restraint can hardly respond to the need for personal credit protection in the digital age, and new types of information rights are fundamental to solving the dilemma, with data circulation rules helping to address the high cost of rights. The legal framework for personal credit protection should be rebuilt by improving the rules of data circulation around the system of rights of individuals in information processing activities. Firstly, it is important to clearly define the degree of sensitivity of information and its credit judgment value function, and apply hierarchical consent rules to information processing in the credit field: separate consent and eligibility access rules for positive sensitive personal information that benefits the information subject, and application of liability rules; and no-trade rules for negative sensitive personal information that is unfavourable to the information subject in general, except for purposes based on public interest. Secondly, the commercial practice of data circulation in the credit field requires a shift to a behavioural risk regulation model, the implementation of contract-centric rules of domination and the appropriate use of special rules to strengthen the credit protection of individuals. Among them, the data sharing between platforms and economic organisations should have three types of inclined protection measures, namely standard contract text, enhanced platform liability and rules on the allocation of the burden of proof, in addition to the consent rules. The data circulation between platforms and administrative departments should establish a circulation order with subject liability and remedial mechanisms as key elements.

Abstract:The Legal Aid Law of the China, which came into effect on January 1, 2022, has pushed the systematization of legal aid to a new height. However, against the background of the continuous improvement of the system, China's legal aid practice still faces many difficulties. The countermeasures to overcome these difficulties may not only need to improve the legal system, but also clarify the legal theory behind the system and the concept behind the practice. Therefore, in the context of the reform of the legal aid system, it is necessary to clarify the erroneous understanding of the concept of legal aid. This erroneous understanding mainly includes interpretations of willpower and utilitarianism. The willpower concept of legal aid mainly includes three forms: aristocratic spirit, religious enlightenment, and elite consciousness. They base legal aid on moral ideals, but there are drawbacks such as unstable supply and unequal personality. The utilitarian concept of legal aid mainly includes two forms: market behavior theory and government behavior theory. They base legal aid on practical interests, posing a threat to the inherent ethical values and independence of the legal profession. The concept of legal aid should be a contractual concept, which includes two levels of contracts, namely the original contract centered on the principle of fairness, as well as the "lawyer society" contract and the "lawyer state" contract as sub contracts. The concept of contractual interpretation absorbs the advantages of willpower and utilitarianism, and discards its shortcomings. It mainly has four advantages: firstly, it connects ethical and utility values, enabling the lawyer profession to achieve a balance between earning profits and maintaining legal aid enthusiasm; Secondly, the concept of responsibility has been restructured to shift from passive to active; Thirdly, the legal aid model has been updated, transforming it from a unidirectional state power to a multi-dimensional and diverse implementation; Fourthly, it reshaped the state of mutual respect and protected the self-esteem of the recipients. The spirit of China's lawyer system reform is consistent with the contractual concept, which can provide useful enlightenment for the construction of China's legal aid system: the basic right positioning of the lawyer's right to help, the multiple participation mode of legal aid, the detailed rules of legal aid practice, and the cultivation of legal aid awareness.

Abstract:Seeking truth from facts is the distinctive feature of Xi Jinping's thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era and is embodied in all aspects of its theoretical system. Seeking truth from facts is not only the basic spirit of Xi Jinping's thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, but also its significant theoretical theme. Xi Jinping's theory of seeking truth from facts constitutes the most fundamental materialist basis of Xi Jinping's thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. According to Xi Jinping, seeking truth from facts is the essence and soul of Marxism and is a high degree of unity of Marxist worldview and methodology, which prominently embodies the unity of materialist scientific attitude and dialectical method, the unity of objective regularity and subjective initiative, as well as the specific and historical unity of subjectivity and objectivity, knowledge and practice; the Party's ideological line of seeking truth from facts is constantly infused with new theoretical connotations in the process of its development, but the various aspects that constitute this ideological line, namely freeing our minds, seeking truth from facts, moving with the times, and applying a realistic and pragmatic approach, are intrinsically unified. And as the Party's ideological line, seeking truth from facts is the Party's method of thinking, working and leadership, as well as the Party's conduct of thinking and working. Xi Jinping emphasizes that seeking truth from facts is the magic weapon for China's revolution and construction; if we insist on seeking truth from facts, we can revitalize the Party and the country, and if we go against seeking truth from facts, we will misguide the Party and the country. In his opinion, to insist on seeking truth from facts, we must first have a comprehensive understanding and grasp of "facts"; at the same time, we must deeply explore and grasp the law of development of things, continue to combine theory with practice, and continue to pursue truth and correct mistakes for the benefit of the people. Xi Jinping attaches particular importance to the conduct of thinking and working embodied in seeking truth from facts, namely applying a realistic and pragmatic approach, and reifies it as "being open and frank, taking effective measures to address real issues, and seeking good outcomes", stressing that the key point of the Party's conduct building of seeking truth from facts in the new era is "to tell the truth, do honest things and be honest persons". Therefore, Xi Jinping has inherited the thought of seeking truth from facts in Chinese Marxist philosophy and has endowed "facts" with extremely rich and new connotations. He has also regarded the Party's conduct building of seeking truth from facts as the key content of the Party members' cultivation of the Party consciousness in the new era, thus realizing the creative transformation and innovative development of the thought of seeking truth from facts in Chinese Marxist philosophy.

Abstract:Opening up new realm of Marxism's sinicization and modernization is an important theoretical subject for the development of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the national cause, is also a strategic task to push forward the sinicization and modernization of Marxism on the basis of practice. In terms of theoretical implications, the introduction and wide spread of Marxism-Leninism in China pointed out the way forward for the Chinese people and provided them with a new choice, led to and guided the birth of the CPC, which laid an important foundation for opening up new realm. Upholding the leadership of the CPC gives a strong, stable and reliable force for adapting Marxism to Chinese conditions and keeping it in the right direction of development, thus providing a fundamental guarantee for opening up new realm. The new leap marks the development nodes and remarkable achievements of Marxism's sinicization and modernization, which is closely related to opening up new realm. The shift from "one combination" to "two combinations" makes Marxism more closely related to Chinese reality and more Chinese with Chinese characteristics, point out the development trend of opening up new realm. In terms of progress in achievement, During its strive for more than a century,CPC has taken the Sinicization of Marxism as its ideological guidance, institutional guarantee, cultural foundation and spiritual support. Focusing on innovation and publicity, of the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to China and The Times, Formed Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents Important Thought, Scientific Outlook on Development, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, make the ideological essence and spiritual essence of Marxism acceptable to the broad masses of the people. At the same time, with the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its central task, CPC has combined the basic tenets of Marxism with the realities of China's revolution, construction, and reform, united and led the Chinese people in making great achievements in the new-democratic revolution, in socialist revolution and construction, in reform and opening up and in socialist modernization, and in socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era. In terms of practical requirements, The new journey requires us to focus on new missions and tasks in the new stage of development and deepen our understanding of the theoretical quality of Marxism's sinicization and modernization,which is inherite in one continuous line and keep pace with the times. Grasp the "Six Must Adhere to" put forward by Report of the Twentieth Congress.We should take "people supremacy" as our fundamental starting point, "maintain confidence and self-reliance" as our basic foothold, "integrity and innovation" as our main driving force, "problem orientation" as our realistic focus, "systematic concept" as our key coordination point, and "maintain a global vision" as an important position. As long as we do so, we can push forward the sinicization and modernization of Marxism in the new era,and open up new realm of Marxism's sinicization and modernization.

Abstract:The 20th National Congress report incorporates the concept of systems thinking into Xi Jinping's ideological framework of socialism with Chinese characteristics for the new era, and utilizes systems thinking to encompass the "Seven Mindsets" (strategic thinking, historical thinking, dialectical thinking, systems thinking, innovative thinking, rule-of-law thinking, and bottom-line thinking). This further clarifies the important position of systems thinking in methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Systems thinking is an important component of Marxist dialectical materialism. Marx and Engels, starting from the perspectives of society and nature, established the concepts of "organism" and "collective," regarding nature and society as an interconnected whole. In essence, this treats nature and society as a systemic entity. Marx conducted in-depth research on the complex system of human society, establishing a comprehensive category system that includes concepts such as productive forces, production relations, economic base, and superstructure. He used this category system to profoundly analyze the internal structure and operational mechanisms of the capitalist social system. Throughout the Chinese Communist Party's leadership in the revolutionary, construction, and reform processes in China, successive leadership collectives have consistently adhered to the Marxist systemic perspective, viewing things as organic wholes composed of various elements and their relationships. They have observed, contemplated, and handled various issues in the process of development from a holistic and global perspective. Since the 18th National Congress, the Party Central Committee, with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has consciously applied systems thinking to plan the overall work of the Party and the country. It has proposed the principles of upholding and strengthening the Party's overall leadership, promoting the "Four Greats," coordinating the implementation of the "Five-sphere Integrated Plan," and advancing the "Four Comprehensive" strategic layout. They comprehensively grasp the new development stage, implement the new development philosophy, and construct a new development pattern. They have implemented a series of new arrangements and strategies for governing the country, making adherence to systems thinking the fundamental ideological and methodological approach of the Party. Xi Jinping's approach to systems thinking further advances and develops the methodology of dialectical materialism, creatively proposing and applying the methodology of systems thinking.