Volume 45,Issue 6,2022 Table of Contents

1 Evaluation of cold-start emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicle under real driving emission tests

CHEN Lingjian , DU Baocheng , PENG Jingde , XU Hualong , WANG Bin , ZHANG Li

2022, 45(6):1-13. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.02

[Abstract](436) [HTML](1089) [PDF 5.26 M](1094)

Abstract:
To reflect the emission level of light-duty vehicles more comprehensively and realistically, it is necessary to consider the cold-start emissions of vehicles in real driving emission (RDE) tests. For this purpose, a light-duty gasoline vehicle complying with China Ⅵ emission standards was selected to complete eight RDE tests, and its cold-start emissions were included in the total urban emissions evaluation. The results show that the contributions of CO, NO_x, and PN emissions from the cold-start trips to the total urban emissions are 28.3%, 31.9%, and 39.8%, respectively. In the full cold-start trip, CO and CO₂ emissions are significantly correlated with average coolant temperature, while NO_x and PN emissions are strongly correlated with average vehicle speed. Additionally, the cold-start emission results under RDE tests are quite different and closely related to the dynamic parameter v·a_pos (velocity times positive acceleration) in the first 50 seconds of cold-start. It is recommended that the dynamic parameters at the initial stage of cold-start (e.g., the first 50 seconds of cold-start) should be strictly limited when amending the RDE test procedure considering cold-start emissions.

2 Heat dissipation optimization of lithium-ion battery pack based on semiconductor refrigeration

QU Shiyang , LI Congbo , LIN Lihong , LI Wei , HUANG Mingli

2022, 45(6):14-26. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.07

[Abstract](412) [HTML](448) [PDF 3.80 M](877)

Abstract:
In order to improve the heat dissipation performance and energy density of power lithium battery packs, based on the semiconductor refrigeration scheme, a multi-objective optimization design method is proposed to optimize the arrangement of power lithium battery packs and semiconductor cooling capacity. Based on the established thermal analysis model of the semiconductor refrigeration scheme, the Latin hypercube test, radial basis function (RBF), response surface methodology (RSM), and Kriging proxy model methods are used to establish the approximate model of the maximum temperatures, maximum temperature difference and pacing volume. Taking the maximum temperature difference and spacing volume as the goal and the maximum temperature as the constraint, the battery pack heat dissipation optimization model is established. Then, the optimization solution is found by using the multi-objective genetic algorithm. Finally, and the reliability of the simulation results of the optimization scheme is verified through experiments. The simulation results after optimization show that the battery module spacing volume is reduced by 32.42%, the maximum temperature difference is reduced by 13.64%, and the maximum temperature is reduced by 0.53%. This method significantly improves the heat dissipation performance and energy density of the battery packs.

3 Fault diagnosis of lithium-ion battery sensors for electric vehicles

XU Junxiong , FENG Fei , DENG Zhongwei

2022, 45(6):27-39. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.06

[Abstract](399) [HTML](433) [PDF 1.47 M](737)

Abstract:
In order to reduce the impact of lithium-ion battery sensor faults on the safety and performance of electric vehicles, an observer-based fault diagnosis scheme was presented to detect and isolate battery sensor faults in this paper. The proposed scheme constructed two extended Kalman filter (EKF) observers in combination with the coupling electro-thermal dynamic model of Li-ion battery to realize state estimation. The difference between the estimated value and the sensor measured value generated the residual. Then the residuals were evaluated by statistical cumulative sum(CUSUM) test that determined the presence of the faults. According to the respond of two residuals, the fault diagnosis and isolation (FDI) of the current sensor, the voltage sensor and the surface temperature sensor could be realized. The proposed scheme was tested to verify its effectiveness. The result shows that the proposed scheme can diagnose and locate three kinds of lithium-ion battery cell sensor faults in time and accurately, demonstrating excellent performance and easy implementation.

4 Dynamic scheduling of flexible job shop based on deep Q-learning neural network and quantum genetic algorithm

CHEN Liang , YAN Chunping , CHEN Jianlin , HOU Yuehui

2022, 45(6):40-54. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.108

[Abstract](485) [HTML](780) [PDF 1.88 M](778)

Abstract:
To deal with the problem of dynamic scheduling of flexible job shop, a dynamic scheduling optimization model was constructed to minimize average delay penalty, energy consumption and deviation, and an ameliorated quantum genetic algorithm based on deep Q-learning neural network was proposed. First, a learning environment based on dynamic event disturbance and periodic rescheduling was built, and an environment-behavior evaluation neural network model was established using deep Q-learning neural network algorithm as the fitness function of the optimization model. Then the dynamic scheduling optimization model was solved by using the improved quantum genetic algorithm which designed a multi-layer encoding and decoding scheme based on process encoding and equipment encoding. A strategy for dynamically adjusting the rotation angle based on fitness was developed to improve the convergence speed of the population and exclude local solutions by combining with chaos-based Tent mapping search. Finally, test cases verified the robustness and adaptability of the environment-behavior evaluation neural network model, as well as the effectiveness of the optimization algorithm.

5 AGV and machine integrated scheduling method based on discrete whale optimization algorithm

ZOU Yuji , SONG Yuchuan , WANG Yi , WANG Xinkun

2022, 45(6):55-74. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.03

[Abstract](306) [HTML](740) [PDF 1.35 M](690)

Abstract:
In order to address the integrated scheduling problem of AGVs (automated guided vehicles) and machines with considering path conlict in manufacturing system, an improved discrete whale optimization algorithm based on time window and Dijkstra algorithm was proposed. First, with the goal of minimizing the maximum completion time, a mathematical model of AGV-and-machine integrated scheduling was established. Then, a three-stage coding was used to realize the integrated coding of AGVs and machine, and a continuous space and discrete space were established. Second, in order to ensure the quality and diversity of the initial population, an extended GLR population initialization method combining chaotic mapping and opposition learning was designed. Then, the Levy flight operator and threshold restart operation were used to further improve the algorithm's global search capability. Finally, in order to improve the local search ability of the algorithm, a variable neighborhood search algorithm combined with the features of the problem was introduced. Standard simulation experiments and flexible simulation experiments have proved the feasibility and superiority of the proposed algorithm to solve the problem of AGV-and-machine integrated scheduling.

6 Modeling of complex contour lattice structure based on triply periodic minimal surface and voxel distance field

YU Xuewei , LI Linhui , ZHANG Tao , ZHANG Zhengwen

2022, 45(6):75-84. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.115

[Abstract](604) [HTML](795) [PDF 1.59 M](1104)

Abstract:
With the rapid development of additive manufacturing technology, the lattice structure based on triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has been widely used in structural lightweight design and biological implants because of its advantages, such as light weight, high strength, good connectivity, and controllable topology. However, there are some problems in the modeling of TPMS lattice, such as tedious process, error-prone, and long calculation time. How to model a TPMS lattice structure with complex contours efficiently and stably has become an urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, based on TPMS and voxel distance field, a modeling method of complex contour TPMS lattice is proposed in this paper. The triangular patch model of TPMS unit is modeled by the marching cube method. Based on the topological position relationship between the points and the geometric model, the points in the space are voxelized, and the points on the contour boundary of the model are extracted. By calculating the distance field of the boundary points and doing Boolean operation with the distance field of TPMS, the modeling of a complex contour TPMS lattice structure is realized. The verification of an example shows that the method proposed in this paper can model the complex contour TPMS lattice structure efficiently and stably.

7 Control oriented intake model and its numerical calibration for a turbocharged gasoline engine

LI Lin , ZHANG Qing , CHEN Lingjian , LI Yuandong , ZHANG Li

2022, 45(6):85-97. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.119

[Abstract](292) [HTML](513) [PDF 9.22 M](752)

Abstract:
As the basis for the control of fuel injection and air-fuel ratio feedforward in the electronic control system, the in-cylinder intake air mass is essential for torque control and emission performance. To more simply and accurately estimate the in-cylinder air charge, a control-oriented model for the intake air is proposed in this paper, and based on the Simulink software, the intake model is further established. By introducing the GT-POWER simulations to assist the calibration, the calibration of heat transfer factor of the intake port, the key parameters of the in-cylinder trapped gas and the actual valve flow area is completed in the intake model. Finally, the calculation results of the intake model are compared with the simulation results and test results. The findings show that the calculation errors of the steady-state intake air mass are all within 5%, indicating that the proposed intake model provides a more feasible method for engine system control.

8 Bearing fault diagnosis in variable conditions based on transform component analysis and bag of words

TIAN Weiwei , CHEN Junjie , LIN Yi

2022, 45(6):98-107. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.05

[Abstract](324) [HTML](774) [PDF 6.69 M](576)

Abstract:
To solve the problem that the data under different working conditions cannot be directly trained and used for detection, a diagnosis algorithm based on transform component analysis and bag of words was proposed. For the labeled data to be used for training (called source domain data) and unlabeled data for test diagnosis (called target domain data), firstly, the two types of data were converted into frequency domain data using short-time Fourier transform. Then, the spectrum energy of the two types of data was mapped to the same distribution through transfer component analysis in order to make corresponding bag of words as a feature of the data. Finally, a suitable classifier was trained on the bag of words of the source domain data and diagnosed the target domain data with that. The experimental results under the Siemens SQI-MFS platform experimental data set, Case Western Reserve University public data set and Mechanical Failure Prevention Technology Association MFPT(machinery failure prevention technology) data set show that the algorithm is valuable.

9 A novel and intelligent multi-mode switching control strategy in energy regenerative suspension systems

DAI Ping , WEN Xin , LI Yinong

2022, 45(6):108-120. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.09

[Abstract](328) [HTML](518) [PDF 18.04 M](604)

Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of restrictive application of active suspension in electric vehicles due to energy consumption, using permanent magnet(PM) linear motor as the actuator of active suspension system, a dynamic model was developed to investigate the relationship between vehicle's dynamic performance and energy regenerative capability. The active suspension LQG controller was designed based on the optimal control theory, and the controller design parameters were optimized by analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and particle swarm optimization(PSO), which improved the vehicle dynamic performance and energy regenerative power. In order to achieve the state identification and mode switching, a novel multi-mode switch control strategy was proposed. The innovation of the proposed control strategy is the introduction of the comfort factors which depend on the driver's choice and the detailed identification of the driving state of the vehicle, so as to realize the strategy switching under different modes. The simulation results show that the proposed multi-mode switch control strategy is significantly better than conventional active suspension control mode, and achieves a comprehensive and intelligent improvement of dynamic performance and energy regenerative capability in vehicle. This study provides guidance for the suspension feed-energy control strategy.

10 Bridge apparent disease detection based on improved YOLOv3

ZHOU Qingsong , DONG Shaojiang , LUO Jiayuan , QIN Yue , XIA Zongyou , YANG Jianxi

2022, 45(6):121-130. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.107

[Abstract](388) [HTML](1264) [PDF 11.10 M](819)

Abstract:
To solve the problems of low detection accuracy, high false detection rate, and high missed detection rate in bridge apparent disease detection based on target detection method, a recognition method with high accuracy of bridge apparent disease detection based on improved YOLOv3 is proposed. A pooling module with a fixed block size is added to the detection layer of YOLOv3 to realize effective fusion of local features and global features. To enhance the transmission and utilization efficiency of bridge disease features in the network and improve the detection efficiency, a DenseNet dense connection network structure is introduced in the feature extraction network of YOLOv3. To deal with the insufficient number of samples in the existing bridge disease data set, data enhancement technology is used to expand the sample images. The experimental results show that the mean accuracy precision (mAP) of the improved YOLOv3 on bridge apparent disease detection is increased by 3.0% and the model training time decreased by 33.2%, with a reduced false detection rate and a lower missed detection rate.

11 Analysis on the tribological properties of MRF for traction elevator magnetorheological brake

CHEN Chen , LI Yuzheng , HUANG Hui , CHEN Kaifeng , CHEN Shumei

2022, 45(6):131-140. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.04

[Abstract](233) [HTML](515) [PDF 13.56 M](701)

Abstract:
Due to the particle self-wear and friction between particles and the working wall of magnetorheological (MR) brake, the braking effect of MR brake will be affected. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the tribological performance of MR fluid. In this study, four kinds of MR fluid (MRF) were prepared with graphite and grease of silicone fluid as extra additives. First, the working condition of MRF in elevator transmission device was simulated by four-ball test machine. The friction coefficient changing of MRF was recorded, and the size of wear scar was observed and measured by image microscope. Then, by measuring the changes of the rheological properties of MRF before and after the friction experiment with rheometer, the influence of friction and wear on performance of the MRF in the device was analyzed. The experimental results show that the additive can reduce the friction of MRF to a certain extent, and the rheological properties increase after friction. The prepared MRF number 3 has low zero-field viscosity, high yield shear stress, and good stability, suitable for the MRF of traction elevator brake.

12 Evaluation method of the circumferential edge wear of the cylindricalvertical milling cutter based on wear zone reconstruction

SHENG Jing , WANG Zhimin , YI Liao , XU Jianmin , LONG Haifei

2022, 45(6):141-152. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582X.2021.01

[Abstract](275) [HTML](835) [PDF 5.11 M](619)

Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of large error in the measurement value of circumferential edge wear, an evaluation method of the circumferential edge wear of milling cutter based on the reconstruction of wear zone was proposed. Based on the image of the wear zone obtained by video microscope, a 3D reconstruction and surface expansion mapping model were established. Then the 3D reconstruction of the wear zone of the flank wear zone of circumferential edge was completed, and the approximate plane expansion of the spiral surface of the perimeter edge was completed. The geometric transformation was used to complete the representation of the first and second flank wear zones in their respective planes and their coplanar representation so as to obtain the equivalent plane wear zone. Through the analysis of equivalent plane wear zone, the wear width and wear area of the flank were obtained, and the accurate evaluation of the circumferential edge wear was further finished. The empirical study on the wear of the four-edge milling cutter (the cutting time is 57 min) found that the average wear width and area obtained by the reconstruction method were 0.16 mm and 0.067 mm² higher than those obtained by the direct method on average, and the increase rates were 17% and 14.9%. The results show the feasibility and accuracy of the reconstruction method.

Home

Volume 45,Issue 6,2022 Table of Contents

Current Issue

Volume

Issue

Most Read

Most Cited

Most Downloaded